Comparative analysis of the functional characteristics and motor qualities of students of different generations and body types

Purpose: the comparative analysis of screening studies of physical fitness and functional condition of young men with different body types (the territory of Baikal region, Russia; the interval of the study is 10 years). Material: First-year students (age 17-18 years; n = 1003; in 2008 n = 523; in 2017 n = 480) of Irkutsk National Research Technical University (Pribaikalye, Russia) participated into the research. All students are classified for health reasons to the main medical group (no deviations in health status). All students attended classes in the discipline “Physical Education”. It was done the comparative analysis of motor skills; physiometric indicators; the content of muscle, fat and bone mass. Results: It was revealed the significant differences (p <0,05) in the values of the motor test indicators. It was determined “leading” and “lagging” motor qualities of young men with different body types. It was defined decrease of indicators’ values in motor tests in young men in 2017, in comparison with the results of the survey in 2008. The decrease in the values of motor test indicators is more frequently revealed in young men of hypersthenic group (examined in 2017), in comparison with normosthenics and asthenics. There is a deterioration in the majority of the functional characteristics of young men bodies (in 2017) in comparison with 2008 data. Conclusions: University professors (of the discipline – “Physical Education”) should form a predictive database of screening observations on the development of morphofunctional and motor qualities of students with different body types. This will allow to correct the educational process on the physical education of students applying the integrative pedagogical methods and teaching methods.

Introduction 1  The main parameters of the physical health of a person are the functional characteristics of the body and it's motor abilities to perform physical activities [1,2].The study of the cardiovascular system condition allows to assess the person's reserve capacity for physical training and sports [3,4].It also helps to determine the dependence of the vegetative regulation of blood circulation on the level of physical fitness of the body [5,6].The decrease in physical fitness [7,8] and the functional indicators of modern youth in Russia is studied in the recent researches [9,10].There is an increase in deviations from the norm in the cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune systems of the body [11,12].It is considered that this is correlated with a violation of the adaptive capacity of the person [13][14][15].The significant decrease in functionality is observed in regions of anthropogenic impact [16].
One of the reasons for the deterioration of the physical health of the population is low physical activity.Significant hypodynamia is registered in Europeans [17,18], in the USA [19], Moldova [20,21], in Russia [22,23].Other studies determined: -Approximately 27% of high school students meet the aerobic component of the pediatric guidelines (60 minutes of daily moderate-to-vigorous activity), and the proportion of youth meeting the guidelines decreases with advancing age [24]; -A pilot randomized trial assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of an intervention combining Smartcare (activity tracker with a smartphone application) and financial incentives.The addition of financial incentives to Smartcare was effective in increasing physical activity and reducing obesity [25]; -Expansion of students' physical activity increases the results in motor tests [26].It is known that the peculiarities of morphofunctional status depend on the type of human body [27].It was performed studies of motor qualities characteristics in students with various somatotype groups [28,29].It is shown that representatives of the microsomatotypes have advantages over the macrosomatotype bodies in such motor qualities as speed; muscle strength of the upper limbs; coordination abilities; general endurance.The screening somatotyping of technical university students was performed in 2007-2008 (Irkutsk, Russia).It was applied the method of determining the overall, component and proportional level of variation [30,31].It was determined the expressed differences in the motor qualities of students with different somatotypes.
The determination of body type characteristics of youth allows researchers to recommend the best option for constructing an educational process on physical education in universities [32,33]; the training process in athletes [34][35][36]; physical training of military personnel [37].
Changes in the living conditions and lifestyle of modern youth are reflected in the level of their physical medical-biological problems of physical training and sports

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health, in comparison with previous generations [1].
It is relevant to perform a comparative analysis of changes in the motor qualities of the youth of different generations with a significant time interval.The comparative analysis of the functional characteristics and motor qualities of students with different body types was not performed at the urbanized territories of Baikal region (Russia) [38,39].
Hypothesis.The authors suggest that data on the comparative features of the motor qualities and functional body characteristics of students of different generations can be applied in the field of demography, medicine, pedagogy, sociology, and physical culture.Such an approach will allow to correct curricula of physical education in universities.
The purpose of the research is to perform a comparative analysis of screening studies of physical fitness and functional condition of young men with different body types on the territory of Baikal region (Russia (the study interval is 10 years).

Material and methods.
Participants.The first year students (age 17-18 years; n = 1003; in 2008 -n = 523; in 2017 -n = 480) of Irkutsk National Research Technical University (Pribaikalye, Russia) were examined.All the young men were natives of an urbanized city with a significant negative environmental background.All students are classified for health reasons to the main medical group (no deviations in health status).All students attended classes in the discipline "Physical Education".The performed research does not impair the rights and does not endanger the wellbeing of students in accordance with ethical standards (WMA Declaration of Helsinki, 2008 [40]).
Design of the study.The pedagogical screening of motor test indicators and the functional condition of students with different body types was performed at physical education classes at the beginning of the study year (in 2008 and in 2017).It was measured body length and chest circumference [41].It was applied M.V. Chernorutsky's scheme with the calculation of Pigne index according to the formula: (I) = L-(P + T), where L -is the standing body length (cm), P -is body weight (kg), T -is chest circumference during expiration (cm).
When the index was <10, the somatotype was assessed as hypersthenic (H), in the interval of the index from 10 to 30 -as normosthenic (S) and> 30 -as asthenic (A) [42].
The young men body types were determined by Matiegka's formulas [43]  Statistical analysis.The software "StatSoft Statistica 6.1" and"Microsoft Excel" were applied to calculate the obtained data.The arithmetic mean of the indicators (M), the standard deviation (s) and the standard error (m) were calculated.The assessment of the significance of differences in the mean values of independent samples was carried out by parametric methods using Student's t-test.Differences between the values of the indicators at the level of p <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results.
The distribution of young men of different generations by somatotype is shown in Figure 1.
After 10 years, there is an increase in the number of young men hypersthenics in 8,5%.The number of asthenics decreased in 6,03%, and normosthenic in 2,48%.These data indicate that the values of indicators of some motor tests in young men (2017) are reduced in comparison with the indicators of young men (2008).
In young men (2017), the decrease in the values of motor test indicators is recorded more frequently in the group of hypersthenics.
In 2017, there is a decrease in the values of indicators of the functional characteristics of young men in comparison with data of 2008 (Table 2).

Discussion.
The comparative analysis of screening surveys in 2008 and 2017 of young men with different body types revealed significant differences in the values of motor test indicators (Table 1)."Leading" and "lagging" motor qualities of students with different somatotypes are identified (Table 3).
It is determined that the priorities of motor qualities  In all young men (2008) with the hypersthenic body, the motor qualities (strength and strength endurance of the muscles of the upper shoulder girdle, speed-strength endurance of the flexor muscles of the body) are higher in comparison with other body types (p <0,05).This is confirmed by studies by other authors [48].
According to our data, young men with asthenic somatotype (p <0,05) had better indicators: speed, dynamic muscle strength of the lower limbs, and general endurance.This is consistent with studies devoted to the dependence of body mass on the body length [37].We determined higher results in the main motor tests in girls with asthenic body type (with the exception of the strength of the muscles of the upper extremities) [33].This indicates that the modern youth of the asthenic type of the constitution has a higher reserve capacity of physical condition in comparison with peers of other somatotypes.
There is no significant difference (p> 0,05) in the indicators of the motor tests for flexibility in young men.This is consistent with the results of the study of senior schoolchildren in Moscow (Russia) [48].
Indicators in the motor tests of students (2017) were lower than those of young men (2008) (Table 4).
The study of motor qualities among students of different populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina also showed a decline in performance in a number of motor tests [49].
The results of our research devoted to the content of muscle, fat and bone mass in the body structure of young men in Baikal region are presented in Fig. 2.
In young men hypersthenics (2008) the content of muscle body mass (MM) was 31,7 ± 0,39 kg.This indicator was in 6,9% higher than in normosthenics.Note.H is the hypersthenic body type, S is normosthenic body type, and A is the asthenic body type.* -statistically significant differences between somatotypes in 2008 and 2017 (p <0.05)Also in 11,04% more than in asthenics (p <0.05).This difference provides an advantage in the power abilities of young men hypersthenics.A similar result was obtained in the city Magadan (Russia): higher indicators were determined in the back strength of young strong-built men [27].Among young men (2008), with the lowest content of body fat mass (FM) was found in asthenics (11,2 ± 0,26 kg).This indicator is in 20.5% less than in normosthenics (13,5 ± 0,17 kg).This indicator is also less in 25,8% than in hypersthenics (14,1 ± 0,19 kg).The maintenance of the bone mass of the body (BM) practically does not differ in young men with different body types.This is confirmed by authors' studies which didn't identify changes in bone mass in modern youths against the increase in fat and muscle mass [1,[50][51][52].
We found a decrease of MM in the young men bodies (2017) of all somatotypes p <0.05.In comparison with the data of 2008, the decrease of MM is observed in hypersthenics in 7,9%, in asthenic in 3,9%, in normosthenics in 3,1%.
The increase in FM of young men bodies (2017) was: 8,9% in asthenics, 8.8% in normosthenic , 16,3% in hypersthenic.The results of our study are consistent with the authors' data on the increase in absolute body weight, body mass index, and overweight among young men of Krasnoyarsk (Russia) [13].
The content of BM in young men bodies of Baikal region (Russia) with different somatotypes and different generations didn't change.
The decrease of the muscular component and increase of fat mass in students ( 2017) is an indirect confirmation of the physical inactivity growth among modern youth.The correlations between low motor activity and the increase in the content of fat mass in the body structure are indicated by surveys of young men and women aged 15-22 years (Moscow, Russia) [50,51].In 2015, the World Health Organization determined: in European countries, there is a general downward trend in the level of physical activity of population; more than 70% of adolescents do not follow the recommendations for the motor regime [17].This leads to a decrease in the overall indicator of the motor qualities of modern young people.
The comparative analysis of the results of examined young men (in 2008 and 2017) did not determine the significant changes in the indicators of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p> 0.05).
The increase in the heart rate at rest was registered in 2017: in the hypersthenics group -in 3,9%, in the normosthenics group -in 4,1% (p <0,05).In 2017, the increase in heart rate and pulse recovery time after a physical load was registered: in hypersthenics -in 7,7%, in normosthenics -by 5,7%.The young men of hypersthenic and normosthenic body types (2017) had increase in the values of Robinson index.This testifies to decrease in the functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system of modern generation of young men.This is confirmed by the works of other researchers [53].
It is observed in young men with asthenic body type (2017) the decrease in heart rate at rest in 4,6% (p Note.H -hypersthenic; N -normosthenic ; A -asthenic body type.

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<0.05) and heart rate after physical load (20 squats in 30 s) in 6,0%; reduction of recovery time after physical load by 14,3% and reduction of Robinson index value in 15,4%.Our results in Robinson index do not contradict the work of other authors [54].Such indicators indicate the economization of the cardiovascular system and the increased adaptation of the young men bodies with asthenic body type to physical loads.This is consistent with the results of students' research of Kazan (Russia) [55].The authors showed that the phenomenon of bradycardia (decrease in heart rate) is a specific effect of endurance training.We defined that young men in Baikal region with asthenic body type were more enduring.The increase in the functional reserves of the cardiovascular system of young men (in the transition of somatotypes from hypersthenics to asthenics) is noted by the authors from Krasnoyarsk (Russia) [13].
It is known that the decrease in heart rate in strongbuild athletes is compensated by means of increasing the heart stroke volume.The lower is the heart rate at rest, the higher is the stroke volume [55].We have not identified differences in the heart stroke volume indicators in young men of different generations and body types (p> 0.05).This is due to insufficient physical volume and intensity of physical activity in the classroom.
The strength of the hand's muscles refers to the indicators of a person's physical development [56].The young men (2017) of all body types have lower strength indicators than young men (2008) (p <0.05).
The performed studies of the comparative analysis of motor qualities and the functional condition of young men allow to make the following recommendations: 1) In planning the educational process of physical education in young men with different somatotypes, it should apply physical culture and sports technologies aimed at the development of "lagging" motor qualities.
2) at the lessons of physical education of young men with hypersthenic somatotype, should pay more attention to sports and gaming technologies and cyclic endurance exercises (swimming, slow long-running, skiing).For normosthenics, it is recommended to increase the amount of exercise on the development of strength abilities.Young men with asthenic somatotype should pay more attention to the development of strength and flexibility.
3) To recommend to modern youth additional independent physical training and sports to compensate for their physical inactivity.

Conclusions
1.The young men aged 17-18 years old (born and living in Baikal region, Russia) of different generations and body types have distinctive significant indicators in a number of functional characteristics, motor abilities in body structure (p <0.05).In recent years, there was an increase in the number of hypersthenics and a decrease in the number of asthenics.
2. The young men (2017) have lower physical fitness indicators than young men (2008).The reason for the decrease in muscle and an increase in the fat component in modern young men with different somatotypes is hypodynamia.
3. Teachers of educational institutions of the discipline "Physical Education" should form a predictive database of screening observations on the development of morphofunctional and motor qualities of students with different body types.This will allow to correct the educational process of physical education with the application of integrative pedagogical and teaching methods.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. The content of the main components in the body of young men of different generations and somatotypes

Table 1 .
Motor characteristics of young men with different body types, examined in 2008 and 2017.(M ± SD)

Table 3 .
Motor qualities priorities of young men of different generations with different body types from Baikal region

Table 2 .
Functional characteristics of young men with different body types examined in 2008 and 2017.(M ± SD)