PROGNOSIS OF TRAINING EFFECTS BASED ON SOMATIC CHARACTERISTICS AND SPORT RESULT

Purpose: Researchers and coaches continue to look for the solutions that would contribute to creation of somatic and mobility condition patterns, allowing the players to obtain sport achievements at the highest level. Therefore, the aim of the study was to trace the sport results’ impact in the pole vault and the selected somatic parameters of the vaulters of different ages and comparing them with the results of the players reaching the results at the highest level. Material: The study covered 29 vaulters of 17-19 years old age, engaged in the pole vault at "Zawisza Bydgoszcz", "Gwardia" Pila, "Sląsk" Wrocław, TS "Olimpia" Poznan sports clubs, the Centre of the Pole Vault in Gdańsk, as well as 4 top vaulters two from Germany, one from the UK and one from Poland. The study was carried out in the training and sports competitions conditions in 2005-2009. In the work teaching observation method was used. The research tools were: assessment of physical development and sports outcome, which were carried out within the start period. The statistical methods were used for analysis of the study results. Results: Indicators of physical development were specified, as well as correlated with sport result for each group. The highest (the only statistically significant) indicator with the pole vault at 0.69 level was reported in the sample the volume thoracic, exhaling (19year-old vaulters). Conclusions: The group of vaulters, belonging to the "world's finest" is characterized by a higher rate of shoulders than the other studied groups. There seems to be a large influence on sport technique and result in the pole vault belonging to the proportions of the individual somatic parameters and here the relevant connections can be seen.

Introduction 1  The researchers and coaches continue to look for solutions that would contribute to creation of somatic and mobility condition patterns, allowing the players to obtain sport achievements at the highest level.Of course, these achievements are possible with a parallel adjustment and optimizing of means and training methods to individual psychophysical predispositions of a vaulter, properly trained body wellness, as well as control of its responses [1,2,3,4].
Individual sport disciplines are closely associated with specific requirements, for example somatic (basketball player, swimmers, gymnasts, strongmen, vaulters), which can be used to achieve sports outcome at the highest level.
The pole vault belongs to a very interesting competition in athletics, but execution of the pole vault is associated with a number of complex sequences of movements.They include -optimal speed of running start and transfer of kinetic energy to pole in order to use it to move the body on the flexible pole vault up and take the bar suspended as high as possible [5].Only athletes with special skills such as: orientation in time and space, body balance, proper psychomotor and somatic conditions, can meet these criteria [6,7,8].
On the basis of carried out control of suitability, we receive the necessary message regarding their current level, which will serve for planning of training loads and sport result [5,9,10].
Analysis of specialized literature permits to conclude that type of body of every person is his/her biological characteristic of large genetic determinants of significant stability during its ontogeny [11,12,13].Therefore, the choice of individual sports disciplines for certain somatic built plays important role, and in the future it will allow to take part in competitions at the highest level.According to the researchers the somatic built, especially some of its proportions, have a specific track of its development, particularly important in the pole vault [11,14].Unfortunately, at present it is difficult to determine, which of the parameters of somatic built can serve as a criterion for sportsmen of all ages, training the pole vault.
Therefore, the aim of the study was to trace the impact of the sport result on pole vault and the selected somatic parameters of different age vaulters as well as comparing them with the results of sportsmen, who already reached the highest results.

Material and methods
The study was carried out in training conditions and sports competitions in 2005-2009.It involved 29 sportsmen of 17, 18 and 19 years old age, engaged in the pole vault at "Zawisza" Bydgoszcz, "Gwardia" Piła, "Śląsk" Wrocław, TS "Olimpia" Poznań sports clubs, the Centre of the Pole Vaulter Gdańsk, as well as four athletes, two from Germany, one from the UK and one from Poland, whose best result in pole vault varied from 571 to 600 cm (later herein this group of four vaulters is specified as "Group A").17, 18, 19-year-old athletes attended club training courses, 5-7 times a week.The training unit was 60-120 min., while at school they were taught by the program of physical education in terms of 3-4 classes a week, focused on development of overall physical fitness.While the players of "Group A" trained from 6 to 11 times a week.The training unit was 120 min.
In our work we used the following methods and research tools:  assessment of physical development,  registration of athletic result,  statistical methods.
In order to carry out assessment of physical development, the measurements of somatic built were conducted, with registration of the following indicators: body height (basis-vertex), body weight, torso length (suprasternale-symphysiom), lower limb length (basis-symphysion), upper limb length (acromion-daktylion III), shoulder width (acromion-acromion), pelvis width (iliocristale-iriocristale), thigh circumference, shank circumference, arm circumference, volume of the chest during inspiration, volume of the chest during exhalation, chest breadth (the difference of the chest volume during inhaling and exhaling).
For the analysis of athletic result the protocols of official competitions were taken into account.The collected material was statistically analysed using the values of minimum, maximum and average variance of the studied parameters, and Pearson correlation coefficients was found to be statistically significant at p<0.05.

Analysis of the studied results
The carried out analysis of physical development of 17-19-year-old vaulters showed fluctuations in the value of the standard deviation of each parameter of 1.04 cm (arm circumference of 18-year-old participants) to 6.10 cm (length of the lower limb of 19-year-old participants) (Table 1).
The average height of 19 years old participants was 186.78 cm.The highest vaulter was characterised by the body height of 191 cm, while the lowest was 175 cm.The average body mass of 17-year-old trainees was about 69.97 kg, in this group the greatest dispersion of results can be noted as well (standard deviation of 5.39).
Mean value of the shoulder width, e.g. in the group of 17-year-old vaulters, was 39.95 cm, hip width -30.5 (18-years' age).The most significant difference between the smallest and the largest values of the shoulder and hip width in each group was respectively 7.2 cm (17-years' age) and 8.0 cm (19-year-old vaulters).
While mean values of lower and upper limbs' length, for example, in group of 18-year-old athletes was 91.16 cm and 78.97 cm.
The measurements of thighs' circumference, lower leg and arm were also interesting.Mean values of these parameters of e.g.17-year-old vaulters were respectively 50.4 cm, 36,08 cm and 27,85 cm.The largest difference in standard deviation occurred was in circumference of the thigh of 19-year-old (4.59); maximum value of this indicator was 61 cm and minimum -45 cm.
The measurement of the volume of the chest when at inhale/exhale and size of chest, e.g. in group of 18years'-old, showed the average value respectively at level of 96.89 cm, 88.61 cm and 8.28 cm.
Average torso length, e.g. of 17-years'-old, was 54.78 cm; the difference between maximum and minimum values was 5.8 cm.
On the basis of this analysis of the somatic parameters of the vaulters, the dependencies were revealed, which derived from their natural biological development and the process of organism's adaptation under the influence incentives (load training).

Table1.
Parameters of the somatic built of 17-19 years' old vaulters (source, Klimczyk, 2012) Correlation analysis demonstrated relationship between different parameters of the somatic built and showed significant In all age groups with the highest coefficients of dependence were between height and weight (0.52 to 0.90).Very high dependence was found between volume of chest at inhale/exhale (correlation coefficient of 0.80 to 0.96).In the age group of 17-19 years old, the significant differences, concerning correlation, were not found.The higher range (0.63-0.96) was detected only between few parameters.Below the correlation of somatic dimensions, e.g.19-year-old vaulters, is shown.p<0.05 specified in bold.
On the basis of the carried out analysis of the slenderness of the body of the vaulters at the age of 17, 18 and 19 years old, referred to Rohrer index (which in comparison to previous studies of the author concerning the vaulters at a younger age showed its growth [15]), it was found that it reached up respectively the values of 1.15, 1.17 and 1.18 (see tab. 3).Similarly, increase in the indicator of shoulders was observed in the range from 72.95 (17-year-old) to 75.02 in athletes of 19 years' old age.While largest value of pelvis indicator for 18-year-old was 75.48.Analysis of the results of examined vaulters showed very high range of individual age groups' results, where standard deviation ranged from 44.38 (18-year-old) to 56.04 (17-year-old) (tab.4).The largest difference between the lowest and the best result in pole vault was in a group of 19-year-old vaulters (151 cm), and in this group one of the vaulters reached the best effect (551 cm).Table 5 shows the dependence of individual somatic features on the result of the pole vault.Statistically significant correlation of pole vault outcome takes place only between the volume of the chest -at exhale (/ 0.69 / of 19-year-old).There is interesting correlation between the height of the body (0.60) and the length of the lower limb (0.55) in group of 17-year-old vaulters.However, the highest quantity of correlations were with medium and low dependence.
Examined features Pole vault result 17 years old 18 years old 19 years old 1.
Torso length (cm 0,05 -0,31 -0,17 p < 0.05 in bold Analysis of "Group A" somatic parameters (the vaulters, whose sport achievements are at leading positions in the world rankings) showed that this group has similar somatic conditions proved by dispersion of results around the standard deviation ranging from 0.9 (hip width) to 3.54 (volume of the chest at exhaling) (tab.6).Average height and weight were respectively 191 cm and 82.3 kg (tab.6).Difference between the extreme parameters of height and body weight of this group vaulters amounted to respectively 2 cm, 6 kg, while the widths of the shoulder and hips were respectively 4 cm and 2 cm.Other parameters are presented in table 6. Slenderness of the body established on the basis of Rohrer index showed that the greatest value has Ł.M. (1.24), while the lowest is for M.M. (1.12) (tab.7).The average value of this index of the studied group is 1.18, while the average rate of the shoulders and the pelvis is respectively 76.25 and 64.2. .

Table 2
Correlation matrix of somatic dimensions of 19-year-old vaulters.

Table 3
Average rate of body building of the vaulters.

Table 4
Result of pole vault of examined vaulters.

Table 6
The parameters of the somatic built of the vaulters.

Table 7
Average rate of body building of the vaulters.