Differences between morphological characteristics and motoric capabilities of physically active and inactive female students

Purpose: This research was done as continuation of research made previously on male population. The goal of this research is to determine „differences between morphological characteristics and motoric capabilities of physically active and inactive female students “. Material: Sample of physically inactive female students was made of 54 examinees and sample for active students was made of 52 girls. Average age was 12. All girls were primary school students. Physically inactive students regularly attended PE lessons and active students were involved in training process of basketball, volleyball, football and handball teams. Additional practice was done two times a week for 90 minutes. Morphological space is set by 15 variables and motoric space is set with 24 variables. Results: Statistical difference was determined by T-test on level (p<0.05). Significance given by T-test was checked by calculating Eta coefficient. Such data has differences in Chest Width (.00/.00 and η2=0,33), Weight (.00/.00 and η2=0,34), Stomach Skin Curves (.00/.00 and η2=0,37) and Back Skin Curves (.05/.05 and η2=0,16). Motoric space has differences in: Slalom with Three Medicine Balls (.00/.00 and η2=0.01), Throwing medicine ball from the chest (.00/.00 and η2=0,10), Long Jump (.00/.00 and η2=0,17), Push-ups (.02/.02 and η2=0.05), Sit-and-Reach (.04/.04 and η2=0.00) and 20m low start run (.00/.00 and. η2=0,14). Conclusions: After analysis it can be stated the aim of the research was completed and differences of anthropological status of physically active and inactive female students were determined. Students of age 12 can be recommended additional training activity to positively transform anthropological spaces with no transformation. Research with same or similar variables should be done on different age categories when compared to this one or to analyze quality of influence that specific sports have on transformation in this age category.


Introduction
Research was done as continuation of already realized research with male population [1]. Given aim was to determine "differences between morphological characteristics and motoric capabilities of physically active and inactive female students ". Just like male population with same age characteristics it is determined that sedentary way of life causes different diseases. Besides, child develops system of values and learns about some valuable characteristics, positive ways of behavior and communication, changes and shapes life habits by doing sports activities. Also, several researches have shown that doing sports positively decreases number of delinquency [2]. To prevent the disease to happen, it is necessary that children are active at least 60 minutes a day with medium to energic intensity [3,4]. Additional negative effect for health is also the fact that when students finish their education so do they stop with process of exercises [5]. Estimated 70% of young people stops doing any kind of physical activity after they finish education. Data is confirmed by statistics done in USA where about 20 million children under the age of 14 does some kind of sport but three of four children give up those activities when they hit puberty or the age of 15 at the latest [6]. Such data shows strong negative influence of sedentary way of life so it is recommended that children choose their sports activities individually and what interests them so they will be highly motivated to practice [7,8]. According to some theoreticians, developing period of a 12-year-old is characterized by proportional emotional stability when compared to some other growing stages [9], so this life period should be properly used to promote and apply sports activities. Physically inactive female students have regularly attended PE lessons two times a week and those who were physically active had additional training activities outside of school also two times a week. Activities lasted for 90 minutes and selected sports were basketball, volleyball, handball and football. Since physically active students practice 4 times a week it is assumed their anthropological status is on higher development level than inactive students who practice 2 times a week [10,11]. For a student to be considered as athlete it is necessary to spend one year in training process. Students who participated in research are the same age so result of morphological and motoric transformation status can be a cause of ergogenic factors 01 that is transformational processes which are result of sports clubs training [12]. Results of this research should determine higher level of morphological and motoric status development for physically active students and confirm increased movement activity which positively affects transformation of morphological characteristics and motoric capabilities. Research like this is important since it finds out different ways to increase movement activities of female students and decreases negative effects of sedentary way of life [13].

Participants
Examinee sample are primary school girls from the area of Srednjebosanski Canton in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Average age is 12 years ±11 months. There were N= 54 of physically inactive female students. N= 52 is the number of physically active female students. According to Helsinki Measuring and Testing Propositions, student, parent and teacher permissions were given to do this tests. Only students who were completely healthy during the research could participate. Students could leave the research at any time.
Research Desing Variables of morphological status are gathered in a way described by authors Šoše, & Rađo [14] and Variables of morphological status are gathered in a way described by authors Drljačić et al. [15] and Mikić [16] and measured: Bat Coordination (KOOPAL), Slalom with three medicine balls (SLA3MED), Low Eights   (Table 4.) Sig2 .004/.004 show there is difference between results. Sig1 value is.741 so it is assumed that T-test is not so statistically significant and there is result coverage. This is confirmed by calculating eta coefficient η2=0.14 which shows small difference between results.

Discussion
Numerous researches have established that additional movement activity affects more developed anthropological status [19,20,1,21]. Second important factor is cognitive readiness and child's capability to understand reasons why sport is important which is a characteristic of a 12-year-old population [22]. Because of that, determining influences of additional movement activity on anthropological status transformation of primary school female students is organized and this research was done.
Difference between anthropological statuses was checked for morphological characteristics and motoric capabilities. Even though large number of morphological variables was examined -15 to be exact, after final T-test determination and calculation of eta coefficient, this research presented only four of them. Given procedure was done since there was a difference shown by T-test and additionally checked by calculating eta coefficient for each of above mentioned variables. Only variables with low result coverage and high eta coefficient (η2) were accepted as significantly different. Such criteria were insisted upon because values of T-test have been set on border level (p< 0.05).
Morphological characteristics checked by T-test have shown differences in: Chest Size (OBGK), Weight (TEZ), Stomach Skin Curves (NBTRB) and Back Skin Curves (NBLED). Everything indicates that additional sports activity realized through training process of games has influence on lower body weight and less skin fat tissue on female athletes (Witt and co. 2005). This data is not so important for back skin curves which is surprising since other variables should be significantly lower on female athletes. Given result is not in accordance with research results done by [23,24,25].
Same work methods were applied on motoric capabilities as well as morphological characteristics when it comes to result representation in this research. T-test has shown significant development in six variables: SLA3MED, BACMED, SKOKD, SKLEK, LEZSJED and TRC20. To check significant difference given by T-test, variant coverage for each of these variables was done. Variables with low result coverage have been accepted as significantly different. It can be stated that three variables had low result coverage that is eta coefficient was calculated (η2). Throwing medicine ball from chest (BACMED), Long jump (SKOKD) and 20m running from low start (TRC20) are better developed on athlete female students. The rest of the variables in motoric space do not show statistically significant difference. Given results are in accordance with research done by [26,27] as well as research by authors Đukić, et al. [28] and Vrbik, et al. [29]. Thanks to additional sports activity of two times a week per 90 minutes, female active athletes have had certain transformation of motoric and morphological status. However, it can be stated because of calculated eta coefficients that there was bigger transformation on morphological characteristics [30,31]. Also, one can claim that research aim was completed and "differences PEDAGOGY between morphological characteristics and motoric capabilities of physically active and inactive female students" were determined. Weakness of this research can be seen in the absence of insight into adjustment of training activities to age group of examinees in this research. Students should give additional data about their nutrition and free time movement. Research could be organized and done on different age or sex categories and all given data would give additional knowledge about existence of determined differences.

Conclusion
Thanks to additional sports activity of two times a week per 90 minutes, female active athletes have had certain transformation of motoric and morphological status. However, it can be stated because of calculated eta coefficients that there was bigger transformation on morphological characteristics Also, one can claim that research aim was completed and "differences between morphological characteristics and motoric capabilities of physically active and inactive female students" were determined. Weakness of this research can be seen in the absence of insight into adjustment of training activities to age group of examinees in this research. Students should give additional data about their nutrition and free time movement. Research could be organized and done on different age or sex categories and all given data would give additional knowledge about existence of determined differences.

Funding
This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.