The effect of functional and supportive classic strength trainings in basketball players on aerobic strength, dynamic balance and body composition

Purpose: It has been aimed to investigate the effects of functional and supportive classic strength trainings in basketball players on aerobic strength, dynamic balance and body composition. Material: In the study, the test group has performed functional + supportive classic strength training (n=15; 20, 8 ± 1,7 year) three days in a week for eight weeks. Within the process, test and control groups have also continued basketball technical tactics trainings two days in a week. The control group (n=15; 21, 06 ± 1,9 year) has not performed any strength training. The participants have been tested in terms of height, body weight, skinfold calipers, watt bike pro ramp aerobic capacity test and libra see saw balancing board test. When identifying the percentage of body fat, lunge formula has been used. The data has been evaluated with Repetitive Measurements Anova Test. Results: In comparing the group x time interaction, while the developmental difference in the values of VO2max Estimate (mg/kg/min), MET, the percentage of body fat and Left foot lateral balance test has been found out statistically substantial in test and control groups, no significant difference in lateral balance on both feet, right foot lateral balance the measurements and transfer balance measurements on both feet has


Introduction
The functional training has been attracting the attention as an approach which has enriched its popularity day by day throughout world and placed in training modalities by several teams and sportsmen. When examining the content of functional training generally, it has been seen that it includes close movements to the movements of specific sports branch performed by sportsmen [1]. ACSM (American College of Sports Medicine) Functional Training; just as neuromotor trainings; has been described as a training method including balance, coordination, mobility, agility and proprioceptive skills [2]. The thing that mainly operationalizes functional training is to provide the transfer of existing performance parameters to sportive performance in a successive way [3]. Therefore, it aims to train sportsmen with the help of the patterns based on the movements in real life (e. g. flexibility, mobility, throwing, bending and spinning etc. ) [4,5] It has been seen that functional training is more effective than classic resistance and strength trainings and that is because it has been performed in multi junction and different platforms [6]. It is important to create kinetic chains well in transferring existing motor skills. Particularly traditional resistance trainings, ORIGINAL ARTICLE these approaches are less stabile compared to functional trainings, provide muscle motor control and this situation makes functional training important in transferring of performance to the competition [7]. Functional training has been generally confused with classic resistance and strength trainings. In limited studies that have been made before, it has been identified that in the sportsmen who are performing especially high intensity functional training both they have achieved approximate values to strength sportsmen and resistance sportsmen are able to generate power against tiredness [8]. Gencer et al have stated that there is no effect of core training model in age group between 9 and 12 on free style swimming performance [9]. It has been known that it also provides increase in efficiency in exercises with combined and multi junction [10]. In the exercises performed in conditions that are not stabile instead of isolated exercises, it has been seen that there are more achievements in the movements which are taken off, balancing and multijunction movements [11]. None the less, the efficiency of classic exercises should be considered in the parameters of peak strength and time on the ground and dominant strength [12,13].
As well as the balance complex is a motor skill, it is also a determinant criterion in athletic performance and where auditory, sensory and depth perceptions need PEDAGOGY to work coordinatively [14]. It has been known that functional training is able to improve directly static and dynamic balance regardless of a certain age range [15]. It is known that functional training as dynamic movement chain is increasing the quality of individual's movement because it empowers rebalancing, junctions and tendons and it also develops proprioceptive system [11,14]. It has been observed that because functional exercises and warm-ups are far from isolation and in an active-dynamic state, they have developed neuromuscular postural control and postural activation protecting sportsmen from injuries [16,17,18]. To train sportsmen by using functional movements increases the junction mobility and this provides sportsmen to create more qualified movement chains and decrease injury risks. The balance and stability disorders occurred especially in developmental periods of young sportsmen can be reduced with functional movement exercises [19]. Again, it is known that functional exercises can prevent injuries and gain favor against posture disorders in sportsmen [20].
Specifically balance motor skill takes an important place in basketball branch. It has shown that the basketball players who have active balance and balancing skills are able to have the percentage of shots with average relation [21]. It has been stated that dynamic balance is a non-neglectable concept for trainers, sportsmen and researchers interested in basketball [22]. Both dynamic and static balance skills have been used for basketball branch [23]. Dynamic balance can be described as the balancing skill of sportsmen' center of gravity against a surface or stimulus. It has been seen that articulations and tendons have great role in this balancing [24]. The importance of sub extremity anatomy cannot be debuted in terms of sportsmen's dominating each other [25]. It has been seen that most of the low extremity injuries are caused by lack of dynamic balance skill [26]. It has been stated in balance exercises implemented on basketball players that dynamic balancing is important, and they develop different balancing strategies in every competitor level [27]. It has been seen in functional exercises and functional balancing and stability exercises that sportsmen can improve low kinematics and they are able to decrease injury risks [28, 29,30]. It has been identified that the basketball players whose static balance values are high have contributed to game scales in a positive way [31]. By suggesting that balance and flexibility should be integrated into training programs because there are sudden changes of direction in basketball, it has been thought that it will affect success of sportsmen and their teams in a positive way [31,32,33].
Aerobic strength that has been defined as oxygen amount used in unit of time has drawn attention as an important factor for sportive performance [34]. Anaerobic and aerobic power have an important place in basketball branch [35]. Besides improving VO 2max and lactate levels, it is necessary to develop aerobic performance for running economy as well [36]. Basketball branch has highly intensive episodic game structure in literature [37]. Even though using explosive qualifications dominantly ensures more anaerobic qualifications, basketball is defined as an aerobic based game in which anaerobic qualifications are dominant [38]. In that, sportsmen need to pull together in short resting time. In aerobic metabolism, basketball has a vital role in producing energy and providing durableness. While 60 percentage of the durations when the ball is played actively in basketball competition is consumed for low intensity activity is consumed, it has been stated that 15 percentage of it is consumed for high intensity activities [39].
When examining anthropometric values of sportsmen, we see that basketball players are generally tall and weighty. However, it has been seen that the fat centages of this mass are between 6 and 15 in elite sportsmen [40,41]. It has been observed that sub extremity fat rates are lower in sportsmen whose aerobic qualifications are dominant. It can be thought that sub extremity fat rates of basketball players are higher [42]. Serin and Ziyagil (2020) in their study have stated that there is a decrease in fat percentage of sportsmen at the end of 8 weeks traditional squat eccentric strength training [43].
The study has been designated with the aim of investigating the effects of functional training approach on aerobic power, dynamic balance and body composition as an identified periodizing result.

Research Design
Initially verbal and oral explanations about the research to be implemented and the measurements to be sized have been made to the individuals participated in the study. The individuals who have accepted to participate in the study have been provided to fill "Volunteer Consent Form". Before the test, a standard gradual warm-up for fifteen minutes has been implemented for each. All tests have been made on the same day and checked by the same researchers and recorded. Training protocol suitable for the defined characteristics of the groups has been implemented.

Data Collection Process Watt bike Pro Ramp Test Protocol:
Aerobic capacity of the participants can be identified in Watt bike ramp test. Initial watt value according to the active level of the participants in their sports life and their body weight has been specified in ramp test (Table  1). 20 watts increase in each 1 minute has been seen during the implementation of the test. According to Table  1, the participants who have 160 watt and over value in test protocol have been subjected to test 12 fractionally.

01
Air resistance settings have been implemented in a suitable way to Table 2 for the participants during the test. According to cadence value in each fraction, the participant has been provided to pedal. It has been stated that the participants can optionally terminate the test when needed. At the end of the test, VO 2max estimate and MET values have been recorded on watt bike pro digital screen ( Figure 1).
When comparing direct measurements, estimated VO2 values used in watt bike pro can give a good guess [±6%]. Estimated VO 2max formula value in the study conducted by Störer et al. has been used by watt bike pro [44,45].
Body Composition (Fat Measurement); In our research body fat percentage has been identified by using skinfold calipers (Holtain, UK). Skinfold calipers values have been recorded by measuring the right side of the participants' body twice from seven standard areas (Biceps, Triceps, Pectoralis, Sub-scapula, Abdominus, Supra-iliac and Quadriceps). Body fat percentage (%) has been calculated by using skinfold calipers values taken from seven areas of the body (Lange formula; [(Biceps + Triceps + Pectoralis + Sub scapula + Suprailic + Quadriceps) x (0.097) + 3.64] [46].
Dynamic Balance Test Protocol: Libra see saw balancing board test stand produced by Easy Tech (balancing board; computer set placed on  Figure. 2) [47]. Plastic apparat which can be adjustable as 10 cm, 25 cm and 40 cm with difficulty levels and modified in sub surface of Libra balancing board is available. 40 cm apparat has been preferred as difficulty level for the participants. Each participant has started Libra see saw balancing board with single foot by placing on balancing board especially right foot on the center at the beginning of the test. It has been provided to implement three more tries with other foot by resting for five minutes after three tries. The same protocol has been performed as both feet lateral and both feet transfer. Trying scores have been recorded [48].

Training Protocol
Test group has implemented functional training three days in a week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday) for eight weeks. In addition to functional training program, supportive classic strength training has been included twice a week (Tuesday-Thursday) between third and eighth week. Test and control groups have also participated in basketball combined technic, tactics and shot trainings twice a week within 8 weeks in the condition of its extent parallel to its intension.
A-Functional Training (1st and 2nd Week): The training program including 10 stations created by the participants has been performed circularly. After the defined station has been implemented for 30 seconds, they have switched to the other station. The participants have made the performance in all stations. Three sets have been implemented in total. 1-or 2-minutes rest between the sets and 30 seconds rest between the stations have been given. Air squat, push up, lunge, rope swinging (12 kg), skipping rope, Tire& sledgehammer (10 kg), crunch, tire flips, hyper extension, box jumps (40 cm) performances have been implemented with station method. In circular training modelling the station approach by Sperlich et al. and resting protocol have been preferred [49].
B-Functional Training (3rd and 4rd Week): The training program including 10 stations created by the participants has been performed circularly. After the defined station has been implemented for 30 seconds, they have switched to the other station. The participants have made the performance in all stations. Four sets have been implemented in total. 1-or 2-minutes rest between the sets and 30 seconds rest between the stations have been given. Burpees, Plank, box jumps (40 cm), Dumbbell Push-Up into a Row, throwing a medicine ball on the ground (5 kg), rope swinging (12 kg), crunch, superman exercise, skipping rope, TRX-rowing performances have been implemented with station method. In circular training modelling the station approach by Sperlich et al. and resting protocol have been preferred [49].
C-Functional Training (5th and 8th Week): The training program including 10 stations created by the participants has been performed circularly. After the defined station has been implemented for 30 seconds, they have switched to the other station. The participants have made the performance in all stations. Four sets have been implemented in total. 1-or 2-minutes rest between the sets and 30 seconds rest between the stations have been given. Tire & sledge hammer (10 kg), Ab Roller crunch, TRXpush up, hyper extension, throwing a medici ne ball on the ground (5 kg), skipping rope, dynamic plank, pull up, Bulgarian split squat, rope swinging (12 kg) performances have been implemented with station method. The station approach by Sperlich et al. and resting protocol have been preferred (Table 3) [49].
A-Strength Training (3th and 4th Week): The participants have implemented Back squat and dead lift movements. Suitably to traditional strength training, 3 sets with 60 percentage of 1 max turn; 10 turns have been implemented. 30-45 seconds rest between sets and 1-2 minutes rest between stations have been given (Table 3) [50]. minutes rest between stations have been given (Table 3) [51].

C-Strength Training (7th and 8th Week):
The participants have implemented Back squat and dead lift movements. Suitably to traditional strength training, 4 sets with 80-85 percentage of 1 max turn; 6-8 turns have been implemented. 1-2 minutes rest between sets and 2-3 minutes rest between stations have been given (Table 3) [51].
Basketball Technical and Tactical Training (1st and 8th Week): Basketball players out of the participants in test and control groups have continued basketball trainings two days a week. Basketball training has been performed with 90 minutes period of time every day. The training has included technic drills, tactic drills, shot drills, and dribble drills. In this training structures, long HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training; 1-2; 1) and short HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training; 1; 3-6) have been implemented. In the content of training at the same time 1v0, 2v0, 3v0; ve 1v1, 2v2, 3v3, 4v4, 5v5 variations have been included (Table 3) [52].
Statistical Analysis: The data has been prepared in MS Excel (2007) program for Windows and the graphics for the study have been drawn. The statistical analysis has been created in SPSS (17. 0) program for Windows. In repetitive

Results
When obtained results have been evaluated, when comparing the difference between pre and final test average values of control group and test group in VO 2Max Estimate (Mg/kg/min) and Met values in group x time interaction dimension, the difference between the groups has been found statistically significant (F1, 28;p<0.05) ( Table 4).
According to the results of simple effect test, while the alteration that has come out between VO 2Max Estimate (Mg/kg/min) and MET values in pre and final test values of test group has been found statistically significant according to results of the analysis, the change in control group has not been found statistically significant (Table  5).
When obtained results have been evaluated, when comparing the difference between pre and final test average values of test group and control group in body fat percentage values group x time interaction dimension, the difference between the groups has been found statistically significant (F 1,28 ;4.087;<0.05) ( Table 6).
According to the results of simple effect test the alteration that has come out between Body Fat Percentage pre and final test values has been found statistically significant according to results of the analysis. However, no significant change in control group has been identified ( Table 7).
When obtained results have been evaluated, when comparing the difference between pre and final test average values only in left foot lateral balance scores group x time interaction dimension, the difference between the groups has been found statistically significant (F1, 28;4, 320; p<0,05) ( Table 8).
According to the results of simple effect test, while the alteration that has come out between pre and final test in right lateral balance and Both Feet Lateral Balance in test group has been found statistically significant, the alteration between pre and final test values in all balance values in control group has been found statistically significant according to results of the analysis (Table 9).

Discussion
In this study, while the developmental difference in VO 2Max Estimate (mg/kg/min), MET, body fat percentage and left foot lateral balance test values in both test and control groups when comparing group x time interaction has been found statistically significant, no significant difference has been found in both feet lateral balance, right foot lateral balance and both feet transfer balance measurements. When examining pre and final measurement values of simple effect test group directed to the effect of training, while the difference in VO 2Max Estimate (mg/kg/min), MET, body fat percentage, both feet lateral balance and right foot lateral balance values has been found significant, no significant difference in left foot balance and both feet transfer balance values has been found. When pre and final measurement values of control group have been examined, while significant difference has been found in both feet lateral balance, right-left foot lateral balance and both feet lateral balance values, no significant difference has been found in VO 2Max Estimate (mg/kg/min), MET, body fat percentage values.
Shaik and Mondal in their study have stated that functional training has improved speed, endurance, strength, explosive strength, flexibility and agility [5]. Neves et al. on their study implemented on women have stated that there is a development in oxygen capacity of circuit HIIT group at the end of 9 weeks Circuit combined and Circuit HIIT trainings [53]. Kibele and Behm have defined that 7 weeks functional training is similar to aerobic development at the end of traditional resistance training program [54]. Kliszczewicz et al. in their research have stated that there is an improvement in aerobic capacity after 4 weeks high intensity mixed mode programed resistance and aerobic based exercise [55]. Many research findings have pointed out that Circuit HIIT training model has developed VO 2 Peak parameters [49,56]. Current literature findings show parallelism with our research findings.
Tomljanović, et al in their study have identified that there is no difference in either of two training models in anthropometric after 8 weeks functional and resistance PEDAGOGY trainings [57]. They have stated that decrease in the measurements of traditional training group and increase in functional training group have been observed. The decrease in traditional group has been explained with the high intensity of training. Serin and Ziyagil have expressed that there is a decrease in a significant level in body fat percentage values in men after 8 weeks squat exercise program [43]. Neves [43,53,58]. However, the studies by Tomljanović, et al and Heinrichet al have not been supporting [57,59]. When considering the content and duration of functional trainings, it has been thought the effect of body fat percentage will be more effective.  [60]. Kibele and Behm have pointed out that 7 weeks functional training is similar to dynamic balance development after traditional resistance training program [54]. Vreede et al have expressed that leg strength, balance and coordination have improved with 12 weeks functional training.
Pacheco et al in their study in which they researched the effect of functional training on balance have identified that there is a significant improvement in balance values of the individuals who have the average (54.75 ± 8.84 years) [62]. Oliver and Brezzo in their study have stated that improvement in balance scores has been observed after functional balance training for collegiate female volleyball players and football players in both groups [17]. Boztepe and Erkut in their study conducted with active football players have identified that the increase in balance values of functional training group is in a significant level compared to traditional training group [63]. In also current literature findings, it has been exhibited that functional training develops not only strength and resistance but also flexibility, balance, coordination and deep sensory and besides it is an effective training model in terms of empowering the performance [64][65][66][67]. When literature findings have been examined, increase in balance values has been seen in the studies where functional training model is used. The research supports our results. In view of group x time interaction, while left foot lateral dynamic balance shows development in both groups, it has been seen that both feet lateral and right foot lateral dynamic balance have been affected in a positive way in test group in simple effect. That there are more movement combinations towards lateral side rather than transfer side in basketball branch and there is more pressure on single foot when performing technics such as turnstile for scoring to basket bring balance concept into the forefront.

Conclusions
In functional training approach, it has been thought that the efficiency will be increase on the condition of its compatibility with the technic values of sports branch. It has been seen that placing functional trainings in basketball yearly training periodizing will contribute to aerobic power, balance and body fat percentage values. Increasing in anaerobic capacity has been affecting aerobic capacity at the same time. The efficiency of balance technics in contributing to game scores is important.