Analysis of relative age effect in muscular strength of adolescent swimmers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2019.0501Keywords:
adolescent, age, relative age, swimmingAbstract
Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of relative age in anthropometric measurements, muscular strength of adolescent swimmers. Material and Methods: The study sample was composed of 40 volunteers adolescent well-trained swimmers. Participants were grouped as swimmers born in the first quarter (January, February and March) and in the last quarter (October, November and December) of the same year. Anthropometric measurements were taken from each participant, and body mass index of participants were calculated. To determine performance parameters, handgrip, back and leg strength tests were performed on participants. The level of statistical significance was set at p < .05. Results: Statistical analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in the body height and BMI ( p < .05 ), but body weight differences were not statistically significant between swimmers who are born first and last quarter of the same year ( p > .05 ). There were significant differences in the means of absolute leg and handgrip strength between relative age groups. There were statistically significant differences in the means of relative back, leg and handgrip strength between groups ( p < .05 ). All mean relative strength values of participants significantly differed in favour of the group born in the first quarter of the year. Conclusion: As a result of this study, it is determined that relative age has an effect on the measured anthropometric and muscular strength parameters of adolescent well-trained swimmers. The findings of this study revealed that relative age is an important factor to be considered in swimming performance in adolescent swimmers.References
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https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0079
https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.2000.0516
2. Albuquerque MR, Lage GM, Costa VT da, et al. Relative Age Effect in Olympic Taekwondo Athletes. Percept Mot Skills. 2012;114(2):461-468.
https://doi.org/10.2466/05.25.PMS.114.2.461-468
3. Cumming SP, Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Eisenmann JC, Malina RM. Bio-banding in Sport. Strength Cond J. 2017;39(2):34-47.
https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000281
4. Cobley S, Baker J, Wattie N, McKenna J. Annual age-grouping and athlete development: A meta-analytical review of relative age effects in sport. Sport Med. 2009;39(3):235-256.
https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939030-00005
5. Smith KL, Weir PL, Till K, Romann M, Cobley S. Relative Age Effects Across and Within Female Sport Contexts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sport Med. 2018;48(6):1451-1478.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0890-8
6. Nakata H, Sakamoto K. Relative age effect in Japanese male athletes. Percept Mot Skills. 2011;113(2):570- 574.
https://doi.org/10.2466/05.10.11.PMS.113.5.570-574
7. Helsen WF, Van Winckel J, Williams AM. The relative age effect in youth soccer across Europe. J Sports Sci. 2005; 23:629- 636.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021310
8. Fukuda DH. Analysis of the relative age effect in elite youth judo athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2015;10(8):1048- 1051.
https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0463
9. Delorme N, Chalabaev A, Raspaud M. Relative age is associated with sport dropout: evidence from youth categories of French basketball. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2011;21(1):120- 128.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01060.x
10. Bell JF, Massey AD, Dexter T. Birthdate and ratings of sporting achievement: Analyses of physical education GCSE results. European Journal of Physical Education, 1997;2:60- 166.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1740898970020203
11. Brown KA, Patel DR, Darmawan D. Participation in sports in relation to adolescent growth and development. Transl Pediatr. 2017;6(3):150- 159.
https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2017.04.03
12. Doroshenko EY, Svatyev AV, Iermakov SS, Jagiello W. The use of cardio training facilities in training 7-9-year-old judo athletes. Archives of Budo Science of Martial Arts and Extreme Sports. 2017;13:165-72.
13. Romanenko V, Podrigalo L, Iermakov S, Rovnaya O, Tolstoplet E, Tropin Y, et al. Functional state of martial arts athletes during implementation process of controlled activity - comparative analysis. Physical Activity Review. 2018;6:87-93.
https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2018.06.12
14. Chulani VL, Gordon LP. Adolescent Growth and Development. Prim Care - Clin Off Pract. 2014;41(3):465- 487.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2014.05.002
15. Jagiello W, Jagiello M, Kalina RM, Barczynski BJ, Litwiniuk A, Klimczak J. Properties of body composition of female representatives of the Polish national fencing team - the sabre event. Biology of Sport. 2017;34(4):401-406.
https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2017.70526
16. Kriventsova I, Pashkevych S, Iermakov S, Bartik P, Michal J, Nosko M, et al. Fitness - aerobic training of 15 - 17 years' age girl students, who have significant risk of deviations in backbone functional state. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise. 2017;12(4):1289-1297.
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2017.124.15
17. Edginton R, Gibson R, Connelly C. Exploring the relative age effect and nation dominance in Olympic Boxing, a review of the last decade. Procedia Engineering. ; 2014;72: 805- 810.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.136
18. Cheung ATH, Ma AWW., Fong SSM, Chung LMY, Bae YH, Liu KPY. Kam KWK, Chung JWY. A comparison of shoulder muscular performance and lean mass between elite and recreational swimmers: Implications for talent identification and development. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(47):1- 5.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000013258
19. Aspenes ST, Karlsen T. Exercise-training intervention studies in competitive swimming. Sport Med. 2012;42(6):527- 543.
https://doi.org/10.2165/11630760-000000000-00000
20. ISAK; International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. International Standards of Anthropometric Assessments. Sidney: ISAK; 2001.
21. Lavoie JM, Montpetit RR. Applied Physiology of Swimming. Sport Med An Int J Appl Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1986;3(3):165-189.
https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198603030-00002
22. Strzała M, Tyka A. Physical Endurance, Somatic Indices and Swimming Technique Parameters as Determinants of Front Crawl Swimming Speed at Short Distances in Young Swimmers. Med Sport. 2009;13(2):99-107.
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10036-009-0016-3
23. Barnsley RH, Thompson AH, Barnsley PE. Hockey success and birthdate: the relative age effect. Cahper J. 1985;45(4):507- 512.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690210371560
24. González-Víllora S, Pastor-Vicedo JC, Cordente D. Relative Age Effect in UEFA Championship Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet. 2015;47:237-248.
https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0079
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Published
2019-09-17
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Atar Ö., Özen G, Koç H. Analysis of relative age effect in muscular strength of adolescent swimmers. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports. 2019;23(5):214-8. https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2019.0501
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