Application of hypoxicators in the rowers’ training
Keywords:
aerobic power, hemoglobin, hypoxia training, hypoxicator, rowers
Abstract
Intermittent altitude exposure leads to improvements in aerobic performance and blood parameters of athletes. The variety of hypoxic devices and simulated altitude training models requires a detailed study of their effects to achieve the best results. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a four-week training camp at sea level conditions, combined with normobaric hypoxia, provided by hypoxicators during the night's sleep of the athletes. Sixteen rowers of the Bulgarian national team (17.13±0.83 years old) were divided into a control group (n=8) and an experimental group (n=8) subjected to hypoxia for a period of four weeks. At the beginning and end of the training camp, anthropometric and hematological data were measured. A submaximal test on the Concept II rowing ergometer was performed, and the physical work capacity and anaerobic threshold were determined. The results showed: 1) a lack of significant changes in the aerobic performance after training camp, both within and between groups; 2) at the end of the training camp in the experimental group a statistically significant increase in hemoglobin concentration (156.25±4.11 vs 162.75±4.11 g/L, p<0.01) and erythrocyte count (5.26±0.13 vs 5.49±0.10 g/L, p<0.01) was observed. The encouraging results regarding the higher increase in blood oxygen-carrying capacity in the experimental group did not lead to an increased working capacity. Further research should be provided in the search for optimal hypoxic training parameters, allowing not only a rise in hemoglobin concentration, but also the preservation of blood rheological properties.Downloads
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https://doi.org/10.3233/CH-151973
https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.95.2.520
2. Wilber R L. Application of altitude/hypoxic training by elite athletes. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. 2011; 6(2), 271-286.
https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2011.62.07
3. Solaini G, Baracca A, Lenaz G, Sgarbi G. Hypoxia and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 2010; 1797(6-7),1171-1177.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.02.011
4. Bailey M, Davies B. Physiological implications of altitude training for endurance performance at sea level: a review. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997; 31(3), 183-90.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.31.3.183
5. Beidleman BA, Muza SR, Fulco CS, Cymerman A, Skrinar GS, Lewis SF, et al. Intermittent altitude exposures eliminate acute mountain sickness at 4300 M. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2003;35:S163.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-00896
6. Beidleman A, Muza R, Fulco S, Cymerman A, Sawka N, Lewis F, et al. Seven intermittent exposures to altitude improves exercise performance at 4300 m. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2008; 40(1), 141-148.
https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31815a519b
7. Rodríguez A, Casas H, Casas M, Pages T, Rama R, Ricart A, Ventura L, Ibáñez J, Viscor G. Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia stimulates erythropoiesis and improves aerobic capacity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1999; 31(2), 264-268.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199902000-00010
8. Walsh NP, Whitham M. Exercising in Environmental Extremes: A Greater Threat to Immune Function? Sports Medicine, 2006;36:941–76.
https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636110-00003
9. Walsh NP, Gleeson M, Pyne DB, Nieman DC, Dhabhar FS, Shephard RJ, et al. Position statement. Part two: Maintaining immune health. Exerc Immunol Rev, 2011;17:64–103.
10. Klusiewicz A, Borkowski L, Sitkowski D, Burkhard-Jagodzińska K, Szczepańska B, Ładyga M. Indirect Methods of Assessing Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Rowers: Practical Implications for Evaluating Physical Fitness in a Training Cycle. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2016; 50(50), 187-194.
https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0155
11. Bourgois J, Claessens L, Vrijens J, Philippaerts R, Van Renterghem B, Thomis M, et al. Anthropometric characteristics of elite male junior rowers. Br J Sports Med. 2000; 34, 213-217.
12. Spataro A, Crisostomi S, Cifra B, Di Cesare A, Di Giacinto B, De Blasis E, et al. The rowing ten years later. Medicina Dello Sport. 2009; 62(2), 209.
13. Mikulić P. Anthropometric and Physiological Profiles of Rowers of Varying Ages and Ranks. Kineziologija. 2008; 40(1), 80-88.
14. Klusiewicz A, Starczewski M, Ładyga M, Długołęcka B, Braksator W, Mamcarz A, et al. Section II‐ Exercise Physiology & Sports Medicine Reference Values of Maximal Oxygen Uptake for Polish Rowers. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2014; 44(44), 121-127.
https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0117
15. Klusiewicz A. Relationship between the anaerobic threshold and the maximal lactate steady state in male and female rowers. Biology of Sport. 2005; 22(2), 171-180.
16. Rodríguez A, Ventura L, Casas M, Casas H, Pagés T, Rama R, et al. Erythropoietin acute reaction and haematological adaptations to short, intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2000; 82(3), 170-177.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050669
17. Robach P, Schmitt L, Brugniaux V, Nicolet G, Duvallet A, Fouillot P, et al. Living high-training low: effect on erythropoiesis and maximal aerobic performance in elite Nordic skiers. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006; 97(6), 695-705.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0240-7
18. Basset A, Joanisse R, Boivin F, St-Onge J, Billaut F, Doré J, et al. Effects of short-term normobaric hypoxia on haematology, muscle phenotypes and physical performance in highly trained athletes. Experimental Physiology. 2006; 91(2), 391-402.
https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2005.031682
19. Brun F, Khaled S, Raynaud E, Bouix D, Micallef P, Orsetti A. The triphasic effects of exercise on blood rheology: which relevance to physiology and pathophysiology? Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 1998; 19(2), 89-104.
20. Baskurt O, Hardeman M, Rampling M, Meiselman J. (Eds.). Handbook of hemorheology and hemodynamics. Amsterdam: IOS Press; 2007.
21. Stäubli M, Roessler B. The mean red cell volume in long distance runners. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1986; 55(1), 49-53.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00422892
22. von Tempelhoff F, Schelkunov O, Demirhan A, Tsikouras P, Rath W, Velten E, et al. Correlation between blood rheological properties and red blood cell indices (MCH, MCV, MCHC) in healthy women. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 2016; 62(1), 45-54.
https://doi.org/10.3233/CH-151944
23. Kang J, Li Y, Hu K, Lu W, Zhou X, Yu S, Xu L. Chronic intermittent hypoxia versus continuous hypoxia: Same effects on hemorheology? Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 2016; 63(3), 245-255.
https://doi.org/10.3233/CH-151973
Published
2019-09-17
How to Cite
1.
Neykov S, Bachev V, Petrov L, Alexandrova A, Andonov S, Kolimechkov S. Application of hypoxicators in the rowers’ training. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports. 2019;23(5):239-45. https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2019.0505
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