IMPACT OF SHIFT IN FOCUS OF ATTENTION ON LEARNING TABLE TENNIS BACKHAND WITH SELF-TALK IN HIGH SCHOOL FEMALES STUDENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2014.1112Abstract
Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of variability of attentional focus distance by self-talk on the learning of table tennis backhand. Methods: Therefore, 80 high school girls by mean age 16(+-0/62) yr. were randomly selected from sport school of Sanandaj and assigned to 5 groups. After pretest, the participants performed 180 forehand strokes during 6 sessions with repeating the words *slightly rotation* in the internal focus group *slightly open* in the near external focus group, *over the net* in the far external focus group, and each of the words *slightly rotation, slightly open, and over the net* respectively in each 2 sessions in the increasing distance of attentional focus group. Control group performed without self-talk during acquisition phase. Retention test was performed 48 hours after acquisition test in the same situation without self-talk, and after half an hour break, transfer test was done by changing the direction of target (parallel forehand) without self-talk. The accuracy and the pattern of forehand strokes were measured by a 5 point-scale (Liao and Masters, 2001) and researcher-made scale, respectively. At the end of acquisition phase, participants filled out the frequency and self-talk beliefs questionnaire. Results: According to the results of 2-factor mixed ANOVA, acquisition, retention, and transfer of backhand accuracy in internal focus of attention group were significantly lower than other groups (p<0.05). Furthermore, the effect of increasing attentional focus distance on acquisition of backhand pattern was significant. The effect of near external attentional focus on retention of pattern was significant. But transfer of stroke pattern in control group was significantly more than far external focus group (p<0.05). Conclusions: Thus, it is recommended to use self-talk by increasing attentional focus and near external attentional focus and not to use internal focus of attention to instruct backhand to novice adolescents.References
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<p>Chroni S., Perkos S. & Theodorakis Y. Function & Performance of Motivational & Instructional Self-talk for Adolescent Basketball Players.<i> Journal of sport psychology. </i>2007, vol.9 pp. 1-10.</p>
<p>Danghiyan M. & Shojaee, M. Impact of Attentional Focus on Learning Basketball Shots in Female Teenagers. <i>Journal of Sport Science</i>. 2007, vol.1, pp. 14-20.</p>
<p>Jamil Lotfollah Nasabi. <i>Level-1 Ping Pong Coaching Manual</i>. Iran: Publication of National Olympic Committee. 2009, 100 p.</p>
<p>Hardy J. Speaking Clearly: A Critical Review of Self-talk Literature<i>. Journal Psychology of Sport & Exercise. </i>2006, vol.7, pp. 81-97.</p>
<p>Hatzigeargiadis A., Zourbanos N., Mpoumpaki S. & Theodorakis Y. Mechanisms Underlying Self-talk Performance Relationship: Effects of Motivational Self-talk on Self-confidence & Anxiety. <i>Journal of psychology of sport & Exercise.</i> 2008, vol.10, pp. 186-192.</p>
<p>Hatzigeorgadis A., Zourbanos N., Galanis E., & Theodorakis Y. Self-Talk & Sports Performance: A Meta-Analysis. <i>Perspectives on Psychological Science. </i>2011, vol.6(4), pp. 348–356<i>.</i></p>
<p>Hommel B., Elsner B. Action as stimulus control. In A. Schick, M. Meis, & C. Reckhardt (Eds.), <i>Contributions to psychological acoustics: Results of the 8th Oldenburg Symposium on Psychological Acoustics</i> Oldenburg: Universität Oldenburg. 2000, pp. 403-424.</p>
<p>Karimi, H. & Fayaz Moghadam, K. 2009 . Relationship between Prevalence of Obesity & Age of Puberty in Children Age Range of 8-14 in Sanandaj. <i>A Thesis in Children Resident Courses in Sanandaj University of Medical Science</i>.</p>
<p>Liao Ch. & Master R. Analogy Learning: A Means to Implicit Motor learning.<i> Journal of Sports Sciences.</i> 2001, vol.19, pp. 307-319.</p>
<p>McNevin N.H., Shea C.H. & Wulf, G. Increasing Distance of External Focus of Attention Enhances Learning. <i>Psychological Research Psychologist Frosting. </i>2003, vol.67, pp. 22-29.</p>
<p>Magill R.A. <i>Motor Learning & Control: Concepts and Applications</i>. USA: McGraw-Hill. 2011, 200 p.</p>
<p>Parvizi N. Instructional Self-talk & Focus of Attention in Cases of Throwing Movements. <i>Thesis in Tehran Islamic Azad University of Research</i>. 2010, 160 p.</p>
<p>Perkos S., Theodorakis Y. & Chorni S. Enhancing Performance & Skill Acquisition in Novice Basketball Players with Instructional Self-talk. <i>Journal of Sport Psychologist. </i>2002, vol.16, pp. 368–383.</p>
<p>Rezaee F. & Farokhi A. Impact of Instructional Self-talk on simple and complex Movements in Students of Physical Education. <i>Research in Sport Science and Motor Behavior.</i> 2009, vol.25, pp. 127-140.</p>
<p>Rezaee, M. 2011 . Effect of Ocular Dominance, Requirements of Tasks & Position of Objects upon Use of Hand in Adults. <i>A PhD Dissertation in Department of Physical Education in Islamic Azad University</i>.</p>
<p>Schmidt R.A & Timothy L. <i>Motor Control & Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis</i>. Ahmad Farokhi, Abbas Bahram & Hassan Khalaji, Iran: Narsi Publication. 2012, 168 p.</p>
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<p>Tahmasbi F. Effect of Internal and External Foci of Attention on Learning and Performing One selected Soccer Movement. <i>An MA Thesis in University of Shahid Beheshti</i>. 2004, 160 p.</p>
<p>Tod D., Thatcher H., Mcguigan M., & Thatcher J. Effects of Instructional and Motivational Self-talk on Vertical Jump<i>. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. </i>2009, vol.23(1), pp. 196–202<i>.</i></p>
<p>Totska V. & Wulf G. Influence of External and Internal Foci of Attention on Transfer to Novel Situations and Skills. <i>Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport.</i> 2003, vol.74, pp. 220-225.</p>
<p>Wulf G., McNevin N. & Shea CH. Automaticity of Complex Motor Skill Learning as a Function of Attentional Focus. <i>Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. </i>2001, vol.54, pp. 1143-1154.</p>
<p>Wulf G. & Su J. An external Focus of Attention Enhances Golf Shot Accuracy in Beginners and Experts. <i>Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport.</i> 2007, vol.78, pp. 384-392.</p>
<p>Wulf G. Attentional Focus & Motor Learning: A Review of 10 Years of Research. <i>Journal of Bewegung und Training.</i> 2007, vol.1, pp. 1–11.</p>
<p>Wulf G. Attentional Focus & Motor Learning: A Review of 15 Years. <i>International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, </i>2012, vol.1, pp. 1-28<i>.</i></p>
<p>Wulf G. & Dufek J. S. Increased Jump Height with an External Focus due to Enhanced Lower Extremity Joint Kinetics. <i>Journal of Motor Behavior. </i>2009, vol.41, pp. 5-10.</p>
<p>Wulf G., Hob M. & Prinz W. Instructions for Motor Learning & Differential Effects of Internal Vs. External Focus of Attention. <i>Journal of Motor Behavior. </i>1998, vol.30, pp. 169-179.</p>
<p>Wulf G., Lauterbach B. & Toole T. . Learning Advantage of An External Focus of Attention in Golf.<i> Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport. </i>1999, vol.70, pp. 120-126.</p>
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2014-11-18
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Mohamadi G, Shojaee M, Daneshfar A, Nili Ahmadabad Z. IMPACT OF SHIFT IN FOCUS OF ATTENTION ON LEARNING TABLE TENNIS BACKHAND WITH SELF-TALK IN HIGH SCHOOL FEMALES STUDENTS. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports. 2014;18(11):66-73. https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2014.1112
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