The psychophysiological differences between expert and novice rifle shooters during the aiming period
Keywords:
rifle shooting, attention, meditation, novice, expertAbstract
Purpose: Determination of mental status of the rifle shooters during the shooting performance is critical for the development of mental training programs according to their skill levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychophysiological differences of expert and novice rifle shooters. Material: Fourteen expert (age: 28.08±9.12 years, height: 176.12±4.24 cm, weight: 73.56±5.28 kg) and twenty novice shooters (age: 21.08±3.12 years, height: 177.42±3.74 cm, and weight: 71.56±3.57 kg) participated in the current study. The participants performed five shootings from a distance of 10m. The averages of each shooter’s five shooting scores, values of attention and meditation, and heart rate between 5-sec before shooting and shooting moment were obtained. Results: It was determined that shooting scores (10.02 ±0.49 vs. 7.6±2.86, p<0.01, respectively) and meditation level (71.50±21.05 vs. 52.93±20.54, p<0.05, respectively) were significantly higher in the experts while attention level (73.63±21.11 vs. 59.76±21.26, p<0.05, respectively), and heart rate (105.34±12.12 vs. 98.67±7,12 bpm, p<0.05, respectively) were found higher in the novices. Conclusions: The novices and experts present different psychophysiological responses during the aiming period. It is suggested that the psychophysiological differences can be useful to categorize shooters and to provide feedback in training because it is important to develop programs according to group levels, especially in the development of mental training programs. Besides, it is determined that the mobile EEG device is an effective method for determining the mental status of athletes in sports specific activities.Downloads
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References
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https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.568514
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https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00175-6
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https://doi.org/10.1590/s1980-6574201700040001
28. Wulf G, Shea C, Lewthwaite R. Motor skill learning and performance: a review of influential factors. Medical education, 2010; 44 (1): 75-84.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03421.x
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https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00085-4
30. Haufler AJ, Spalding TW, Santa Maria DL, Hatfield BD. Neuro-cognitive activity during a self-paced visuospatial task: comparative EEG profiles in marksmen and novice shooters. Biol Psychol, 2000; 53 (2-3): 131-160.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0511(00)00047-8
31. Hatfield BD, Haufler AJ, Hung TM, Spalding TW. Electroencephalographic studies of skilled psychomotor performance. J Clin Neurophysiol, 2004; 21 (3): 144-156.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004691-200405000-00003
32. Del Percio C, Babiloni C, Bertollo M, Marzano N, Iacoboni M, Infarinato F, Comani S. Visuo‐attentional and sensorimotor alpha rhythms are related to visuo‐motor performance in athletes. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009; 30 (11): 3527-3540.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20776
33. Daniels JT. A physiologist’s view of running economy. Med Sci Sport Exer, 1985; 17: 332–338.
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198506000-00006
34. Lay B, Sparrow W, Hughes K, O’Dwyer N. Practice effects on coordination and control, metabolic energy expenditure, and muscle activation. Hum Movement Sci, 2002; 21: 807–830.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9457(02)00166-5
35. Sparrow WA. The efficiency of skilled performance. J Motor Behav, 1983;15: 237–261.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.1983.10735299
36. Sparrow WA. Energetics of human activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2000.
37. Serrien DJ, Brown P. The integration of cortical and behavioral dynamics during initial learning of a motor task. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003; 17: 1098–1104.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02534.x
38. Wrisberg CA. Levels of performance skill: From beginners to experts. Handbook of sport psychology, 2001; 2: 3-19.
39. Logan GD. Attention and preattention in theories of automaticity. The American Journal of Psychology, 1992; 105 (2): 317-339.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1423031
40. Doppelmayr M, Finkenzeller T, Sauseng P. Frontal midline theta in the pre-shot phase of rifle shooting: differences between experts and novices. Neuropsychologia, 2008; 46 (5):1463-1467.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.026
41. Lange RK, Godde B, Braun C. EEG correlates of coordinate processing during intermanual transfer. Exp. Brain Res, 2004; 159: 161–171.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-004-1942-x
42. Era P, Schroll M, Ytting H, Gause-Nilsson I, Heikkinen E, Steen B. Postural balance and its sensory – motor correlates in 75-year old men and women: A cross-national comparative study. J Gerontol: Medical Sciences, 1996; 51A: 53-63.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/51A.2.M53
43. Solberg EE, Berglund KA, Engen O, Ekeberg O, Loeb M. The effect of meditation on shooting performance. Brit J Sport Med, 1996; 30 (4): 342-346.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.30.4.342
2. Selva Y, Salleh AF, Joseph S. Influence of body weight distribution in shooting performance of 10 m air rifle shooters. 2015 2nd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICoBE), Penang, Malaysia: IEEE; 2015, p. 1–4.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICoBE.2015.7235926
3. Ihalainen S, Kuitunen S, Mononen K, Linnamo V. Determinants of elite‐level air rifle shooting performance. Scand J Med Sci Spor, 2016; 26 (3): 266- 274.
https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12440
4. Şimşek D, Ertan H. Postural control and sport: postural sensor motor strategies and postural sway in different sport branches. Spormetre Beden Egitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2011; 9 (3): 81-90 .
https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000203
5. Ball KA, Best RJ, Wrigley TV. Inter-and intra-individual analysis in elite sport: Pistol shooting. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 2003; 19(1): 28- 38.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.19.1.28
6. Yarrow K, Brown P, Krakauer JW. Inside the brain of an elite athlete: the neural processes that support high achievement in sports. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2009;10:585–96.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2672
7. Lee K. Evaluation of attention and relaxation levels of archers in shooting process using brain wave signal analysis algorithms. Sci Sensitivity, 2009; 12 (3): 341-350.
8. Deeny SP, Hillman CH, Janelle MC, Hatfield BD. Cortico-cortical communication and superior performance in skilled marksmen: An EEG coherence analysis. J Sport Exercise Psy, 2003; 25: 188- 204.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.2.188
9. Abel JL, Larkin KT. Anticipation of performance among musicians: Physiological arousal, confidence, and state-anxiety. Psychol Music, 1990; 18 (2):171- 182.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735690182006
10. Berka C, Levendowski DJ, Cvetinovic MM, Petrovic MM, Davis G, Lumicao MN. Olmstead R. Real-time analysis of EEG indexes of alertness, cognition, and memory acquired with a wireless EEG headset. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 2004; 17(2): 151- 170.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327590ijhc1702_3
11. Wong SW, Chan RH, Mak JN. Spectral modulation of frontal EEG during motor skill acquisition: a mobile EEG study. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2014; 91(1): 16- 21.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.09.004
12. Park JL, Fairweather MM, Donaldson DI. Making the case for mobile cognition: EEG and sports performance. Neurosci Biobehav R, 2015; 52:117- 130.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.014
13. Vernon D, Egner T, Cooper N, Compton T, Neilands C, Sheri A, Gruzelier J. The effect of training distinct Neurofeedback protocols on aspect of cognitive performance. Int J Psychol, 2003; 47: 75- 85.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(02)00091-0
14. Bertollo M, Tamburro G, Schinaia L, Chatel-Goldman J, Di Fronso S, Robazza C, Comani S. Hyperbrain features of team mental models within a juggling paradigm: a proof of concept. Peer J, 2016; 4: e2457 .
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2457
15. Lim CG, Lee TS, Guan C, Fung DSS, Zhao Y, Teng SSW. et al. A brain–computer interface based attention training program for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. PloS one, 2012; 7(10); e46692 .
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046692
16. Neumann DL. Thomas PR. The relationship between skill level and patterns in cardiac and respiratory activity during golf putting. Int J Psychophysiol, 2009; 72 (3): 276- 282.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.01.001
17. Neumann DL. Thomas PR. Cardiac and respiratory activity and golf putting performance under attentional focus instructions. Psychol Sport Exerc, 2011; 12 (4): 451- 459.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.02.002
18. Rebolledo-Mendez G. et al. Assessing neurosky’s usability to detect attention levels in an assessment exercise. In: International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. 2009 july 19-24. Berlin: Springer, Heidelberg, 2009. P. 149-158 .
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02574-7_17
19. Ekandem JI, Davis TA, Alvarez I, James MT, Gilbert JE. Evaluating the ergonomics of BCI devices for research and experimentation. Ergonomics, 2012; 55(5): 592- 598.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2012.662527
20. Johnstone SJ, Blackman R, Bruggemann JM. EEG from a single-channel dry-sensor recording device. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 2012; 43(2): 112- 120.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1550059411435857
21. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
22. Carillo AE. Autonomic nervous system modulation during an archery competition in novice and experienced adolescent archers. J Sport Sci, 2011; 29 (9): 913- 917.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.568514
23. Tremayne P, Barry RJ. Elite pistol shooters: physiological patterning of best vs. worst shots. Int J Psychophysiol, 2001; 41 (1): 19- 29.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00175-6
24. Abernethy B, Maxwell JP, Masters RSW, Kamp JVD, Jackson RC. Attentional Processes in Skill Learning and Expert Performance. In: Tenenbaum G, Eklund RC, editors. Handbook of Sport Psychology, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012, p. 245–63.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118270011.ch11
25. Radlo SJ, Steinberg GM, Singer RN, Barba DA, Melnikov A. The influence of an attentional focus strategy on alpha brain wave activity, heart rate and dart-throwing performance. Int J Sport Psychol. 2002; 33 (2): 205-217.
26. Vrbik A, Bene R, Vrbik I. Heart rate values and levels of attention and relaxation in expert archers during shooting. Hrvatski športskomedicinski vjesnik, 2015; 30(1): 21-29.
27. Fronso SD, Robazza C, Bortoli L, Bertollo M. Performance optimization in sport: a psychophysiological approach. Motriz, 2017; 23 (4): 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s1980-6574201700040001
28. Wulf G, Shea C, Lewthwaite R. Motor skill learning and performance: a review of influential factors. Medical education, 2010; 44 (1): 75-84.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03421.x
29. Dishman RK, Nakamura Y, Garcia ME, Thompson RW, Dunn AL, Blair SN. Heart rate variability, trait anxiety, and perceived stress among physically fit men and women. Int J Psychophysiol, 2000; 37 (2): 121-133.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00085-4
30. Haufler AJ, Spalding TW, Santa Maria DL, Hatfield BD. Neuro-cognitive activity during a self-paced visuospatial task: comparative EEG profiles in marksmen and novice shooters. Biol Psychol, 2000; 53 (2-3): 131-160.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0511(00)00047-8
31. Hatfield BD, Haufler AJ, Hung TM, Spalding TW. Electroencephalographic studies of skilled psychomotor performance. J Clin Neurophysiol, 2004; 21 (3): 144-156.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004691-200405000-00003
32. Del Percio C, Babiloni C, Bertollo M, Marzano N, Iacoboni M, Infarinato F, Comani S. Visuo‐attentional and sensorimotor alpha rhythms are related to visuo‐motor performance in athletes. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009; 30 (11): 3527-3540.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20776
33. Daniels JT. A physiologist’s view of running economy. Med Sci Sport Exer, 1985; 17: 332–338.
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198506000-00006
34. Lay B, Sparrow W, Hughes K, O’Dwyer N. Practice effects on coordination and control, metabolic energy expenditure, and muscle activation. Hum Movement Sci, 2002; 21: 807–830.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9457(02)00166-5
35. Sparrow WA. The efficiency of skilled performance. J Motor Behav, 1983;15: 237–261.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.1983.10735299
36. Sparrow WA. Energetics of human activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2000.
37. Serrien DJ, Brown P. The integration of cortical and behavioral dynamics during initial learning of a motor task. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003; 17: 1098–1104.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02534.x
38. Wrisberg CA. Levels of performance skill: From beginners to experts. Handbook of sport psychology, 2001; 2: 3-19.
39. Logan GD. Attention and preattention in theories of automaticity. The American Journal of Psychology, 1992; 105 (2): 317-339.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1423031
40. Doppelmayr M, Finkenzeller T, Sauseng P. Frontal midline theta in the pre-shot phase of rifle shooting: differences between experts and novices. Neuropsychologia, 2008; 46 (5):1463-1467.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.026
41. Lange RK, Godde B, Braun C. EEG correlates of coordinate processing during intermanual transfer. Exp. Brain Res, 2004; 159: 161–171.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-004-1942-x
42. Era P, Schroll M, Ytting H, Gause-Nilsson I, Heikkinen E, Steen B. Postural balance and its sensory – motor correlates in 75-year old men and women: A cross-national comparative study. J Gerontol: Medical Sciences, 1996; 51A: 53-63.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/51A.2.M53
43. Solberg EE, Berglund KA, Engen O, Ekeberg O, Loeb M. The effect of meditation on shooting performance. Brit J Sport Med, 1996; 30 (4): 342-346.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.30.4.342
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2019-09-30
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Yıldız M, Fidan U. The psychophysiological differences between expert and novice rifle shooters during the aiming period. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports. 2019;23(6):313-7.
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