Normative values for physical fitness in children aged 11-17 in Kosovo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2018.0103Keywords:
Norm Values, Physical Fitness, EuroFit, KosovoAbstract
Background and Study Aim: In the present study, the purpose was to determine the normative values for physical and biomotoric characteristics of children aged 11-17 in Kosovo. Material and Methods: 742 students who were selected according to the Random Sampling Method from 24 schools determined in the cities and rural areas in all regions were included in the study (n = 347 girls, n = 395 - boys). Volunteering students who did not have any acute or chronic disease that might avoid testing were included in the study after the permissions were received from the Ministry of National Education, Principals of the Schools, and the support of the parents. The declarations of Helsinki were taken into consideration in the study. Results: The results of each test were given as the norm values according to gender and age together with 20% groups, which is considered as the Canadian Standard. The data on the physical and biomotoric characteristics of the children living in Kosovo were compared with the data of the World Health Organization and the literature data of other countries. Conclusions: While the children living in Kosovo showed higher performances in the tests that were affected by anthropometric properties like height and body fat percentage and by genetic properties like the speed of the movements of the arms when compared with the children from other countries from the same age group; they had lower performances in the tests that were affected by life style and physical activity levels like endurance, long jump, and flexibility.Downloads
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References
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<p><i>English Oxford living dictionary</i> [Internet]. American and British Academy. 2016 [cited 07.12.2016]. Available from: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/norm</p>
<p>Lopes VP, Stodden DF, Bianchi MM, Maia JAR, Rodrigues LP. Correlation between BMI and motor coordination in children. <i>Journal Science and Medicine in Sport</i>. 2012;15:38-43.</p>
<p>Zorba E, Saygın Ö. <i>Fiziksel Aktivite ve Fiziksel Fygunluk</i> [Physical Activity and Physical Fitness]. İstanbul: 2008. (In Turkish).</p>
<p>Catley M, Tomkinson G. Normative health-related fi tness values for children: analysis of 85347 test results on 9–17-year-old Australians since 1985. <i>Sports Medicine</i>. 2011;1:1-12.</p>
<p>Tomkinson G, Carver K, Atkinson F, Daniell N, Lewis L, Fitzgerald J. European normative values for physical fitness in children and adolescents aged 9–17 years: results from 2 779 165 Eurofit performances representing 30 countries. <i>British Journal of Sports Medicine</i>. 2017;1:1-13.</p>
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<p>Popović R, Aleksić A, Stojanović D, Stefanović M, Božić S, Popović M. Evaluation of the Physical Fitness Level in Physical Education Female Students Using "Eurofit-Test". <i>International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education</i>. 2017;2(1):1-15.</p>
<p>Hergüner G, Önal A, Berisha M, Yaman MS. The Comparison of Physical Education and Sports Lessons Applied in Education Systems of Turkey and Kosovo. <i>Universal Journal of Educational Research</i>, 2016;4(9): 1985-1993.</p>
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<p>Asmussen E, Klissouras V, Tuxworth B, Lofi A, Leger L. Sport testing physical Eurofit In: Karaesk F, editor. <i>Testing physical fitness Eurofit Experimental Battery</i>. Strasbourg Council of Europe; 1983. p. 1-83.</p>
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<p>Kemper H, Mechelen W. Physical Fitness Testing of Children: A European Perspective. <i>Pediatric Exercise Science: Human Kinetics Pubiishers</i>, 1996;8:2010-2014.</p>
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<p>Johnson DL, Bahamonde R. Power Output Estimate in University Athletes. <i>Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research.</i> 1996;10(3):161-166.</p>
<p>Ed B. <i>Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual</i>. USA WCB/McGraw-Hill; 1998.</p>
<p>Ortega F, Artero E, Ruiz J, Espana-Romero V, Jimenez-Pavon D, Vicente-Rodriguez G. Physical fitness levels among European adolescents: the HELENA study. <i>Br J Sports Medicine</i>. 2011;45:20-29.</p>
<p><i>World Health Organization</i> [Internet]. World Health Organization: World Health Organization; 2017 [cited 2017 17.07.2017]. Available from: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/en</p>
<p>Spurway N, MacLaren D. <i>Pediatric Exercise Phisiology</i>. Elsevier; 2007.</p>
<p>Yalnız Fİ, Oral O. <i>Antrenman bilgisi ve sporcu sağlığı</i> [Training information and athlete health]. Ankara: Nobel academic publishing education consultancy; 2016. (In Turkish).</p>
<p>Miguel-Etayo PD, Gracia-Marco L, Ortega FB, Intemann T, Foraita R, Lissner L. Physical fitness reference standards in European children: the IDEFICS study. <i>International Journal of Obesity</i>. 2014;38:S57–S66.</p>
<p>Piotr U, Miguel C. Review of modern teaching methods for tennis. <i>Revista internacional de ciencias del deporte / International Journal of Sport Science</i>. 2007;7(3):1-10.</p>
<p>Amstrong N, Welsman JR, Williams CA, Kibry BJ. Longitudinal changes in young people's short-term power output. <i>Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise</i>. 2000;32(6):1140-5.</p>
<p>Kjær I, Torstveit MK, Kolle E, Hansen BM, Anderssen SA. Normative values for musculoskeletal- and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy Norwegian adults and the association with obesity: a cross-sectional study. <i>BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation</i>. 2016;8(37):1-9.</p>
<p>Doré E, Bedu M, França NM, Praagh EV. Anaerobic cycling performance characteristics in prebubescent adolescent and young adult females. <i>European Journal of Applied Physiology</i>. 2001;84:476-481.</p>
<p>Çonkaz H. <i>Psikomotor gelişim - doğum öncesinden ölüme kadar</i> [Psychomotor Development - From Birth to Death). Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi Tic. Ltd. Şti.; 2017. (In Turkish).</p>
<p>Bompa T, Haff G. <i>Dönemleme; Antrenman kuramı ve yöntemi</i> [Periodization; Theory and Methodology of Training]. Ankara; 2015. (In Turkish).</p>
<p>Alexander J, Sepúlveda R, Vélez RR, Bautista JEC, Izquierdo M, Hermoso AG. Physical fitness and anthropometric normative values among Colombian-Indian schoolchildren. <i>MBP Public Health</i>. 2016;16(962):2-15.</p>
<p>Örjan E, Kristjan O, Björn E. Physical performance and body mass index in Swedish children and adolescents. <i>Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition.</i> 2005;49(4):172-179.</p>
<p>Tomkinson G, Lang J, Tremblay M, Dale M, LeBlanc A, Belanger K. International normative 20 m shuttle run values from 1 142 026 children and youth representing 50 countries. <i>British journal of sports Medicine</i>, 2016;1:1-14.</p>
<p>Coleman J, Hendry LB. <i>The Nature of Adolosence</i>. London and New York: Routelge; 1999.</p>
<p>Erikoğlu G, Özkamcı H, Golmoghanı N, Suveren C, Tot T, Şahin N. 7–12 yaş çocuklarda cinsiyet ve yaş gruplarına göre eurofit test bataryası ile performans parametrelerinin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of Eurofit test battery and performance parameters according to gender and age groups in 7-12 year old children]. <i>Journal of Gazi Physical Education and Sport Sciences </i>2009;14(4):49-64. (In Turkish).</p>
<p><i>English Oxford living dictionary</i> [Internet]. American and British Academy. 2016 [cited 07.12.2016]. Available from: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/norm</p>
<p>Lopes VP, Stodden DF, Bianchi MM, Maia JAR, Rodrigues LP. Correlation between BMI and motor coordination in children. <i>Journal Science and Medicine in Sport</i>. 2012;15:38-43.</p>
<p>Zorba E, Saygın Ö. <i>Fiziksel Aktivite ve Fiziksel Fygunluk</i> [Physical Activity and Physical Fitness]. İstanbul: 2008. (In Turkish).</p>
<p>Catley M, Tomkinson G. Normative health-related fi tness values for children: analysis of 85347 test results on 9–17-year-old Australians since 1985. <i>Sports Medicine</i>. 2011;1:1-12.</p>
<p>Tomkinson G, Carver K, Atkinson F, Daniell N, Lewis L, Fitzgerald J. European normative values for physical fitness in children and adolescents aged 9–17 years: results from 2 779 165 Eurofit performances representing 30 countries. <i>British Journal of Sports Medicine</i>. 2017;1:1-13.</p>
<p>Balyi I, Way R, Higgs C, Norris S, Cardinal C. Canadian Sport for Life In: Institute CS, editor. Canadian <i>Sport for Life – Long-Term Athlete Development Resource Paper 20</i>. Pacific: Canadian Sport Institute; 2014. p. 81.</p>
<p>Popović R, Aleksić A, Stojanović D, Stefanović M, Božić S, Popović M. Evaluation of the Physical Fitness Level in Physical Education Female Students Using "Eurofit-Test". <i>International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education</i>. 2017;2(1):1-15.</p>
<p>Hergüner G, Önal A, Berisha M, Yaman MS. The Comparison of Physical Education and Sports Lessons Applied in Education Systems of Turkey and Kosovo. <i>Universal Journal of Educational Research</i>, 2016;4(9): 1985-1993.</p>
<p><i>Ordinary Plans and Programs 1-13</i>. Kosovo: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology; 2017. (In Albanian).</p>
<p>Jürimäe T, Volbekiene V. Eurofit Test Results in Estonian and Lithuanian 11 to 17‐Year‐Old Children: A Comparative Study. <i>European Journal of Physical Education</i>. 1998;3(2):178-184.</p>
<p>Asmussen E, Klissouras V, Tuxworth B, Lofi A, Leger L. Sport testing physical Eurofit In: Karaesk F, editor. <i>Testing physical fitness Eurofit Experimental Battery</i>. Strasbourg Council of Europe; 1983. p. 1-83.</p>
<p><i>Council of Europe. Of the committee of ministers to member states on the Eurofit tests of physical fitness</i>. Ministers CoECo: Europe Council of Europe Committee of Ministers; 1987.</p>
<p>Kemper H, Mechelen W. Physical Fitness Testing of Children: A European Perspective. <i>Pediatric Exercise Science: Human Kinetics Pubiishers</i>, 1996;8:2010-2014.</p>
<p>Nhantumbo L, Saranga S, Prista A, Basso L, Maia J. Allometric study of functional fitness of children and adolescents in a rural area of Mozambique. <i>Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry</i>. 2012;14(5):508-516.</p>
<p>Wilczewski A, Sklad M, Krawczyk B, Saczuk J, Majle B. Physical Development and Fitness of Children from Urban and Rural Areas as Determined by EuroFit Test Battery. <i>Biology of Sports</i>. 1996;13(2):113-126.</p>
<p><i>Agjensia e Statistikave të Kosovës</i> [Kosovo Agency of Statistics]. Kosova: Kosovo Agency of Statistics; [Internet]. 2014. [cited 07.12.2017]. Available from: http://ask.rks-gov.net/en/kosovo-agency-of-statistics. (In Albanian) </p>
<p>Mekolli E, Bruqi S, Lahi H, Rexhepi N, Fazliu M, Radoni S. <i>Education Statistics in Kosovo</i>. Ministry of Education SaT: Republic of Kosovo; 2016.</p>
<p><i>Council of Europe. Committee for the development of sport. Eurofit</i>: <i>handbook for the EUROFIT tests of physical fitness:</i> Council of Europe: Committee for the developement of sport; 1988.</p>
<p>Özer MK. <i>Fiziksel uygunluk</i> [Physical fitness]. Ankara: Nobel academic publishing education consultancy; 2016. (In Turkish).</p>
<p>Fernández C, Glaister M, Lockey R. The validity and reliability of an iPhone app for measuring vertical jump performance. <i>Journal of Sports Sciences</i>. 2015;33(15):1574-1579.</p>
<p>Johnson DL, Bahamonde R. Power Output Estimate in University Athletes. <i>Journal of strength and Conditioning Research</i>. 1996;10(3):161-166.</p>
<p>Johnson DL, Bahamonde R. Power Output Estimate in University Athletes. <i>Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research.</i> 1996;10(3):161-166.</p>
<p>Ed B. <i>Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual</i>. USA WCB/McGraw-Hill; 1998.</p>
<p>Ortega F, Artero E, Ruiz J, Espana-Romero V, Jimenez-Pavon D, Vicente-Rodriguez G. Physical fitness levels among European adolescents: the HELENA study. <i>Br J Sports Medicine</i>. 2011;45:20-29.</p>
<p><i>World Health Organization</i> [Internet]. World Health Organization: World Health Organization; 2017 [cited 2017 17.07.2017]. Available from: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/en</p>
<p>Spurway N, MacLaren D. <i>Pediatric Exercise Phisiology</i>. Elsevier; 2007.</p>
<p>Yalnız Fİ, Oral O. <i>Antrenman bilgisi ve sporcu sağlığı</i> [Training information and athlete health]. Ankara: Nobel academic publishing education consultancy; 2016. (In Turkish).</p>
<p>Miguel-Etayo PD, Gracia-Marco L, Ortega FB, Intemann T, Foraita R, Lissner L. Physical fitness reference standards in European children: the IDEFICS study. <i>International Journal of Obesity</i>. 2014;38:S57–S66.</p>
<p>Piotr U, Miguel C. Review of modern teaching methods for tennis. <i>Revista internacional de ciencias del deporte / International Journal of Sport Science</i>. 2007;7(3):1-10.</p>
<p>Amstrong N, Welsman JR, Williams CA, Kibry BJ. Longitudinal changes in young people's short-term power output. <i>Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise</i>. 2000;32(6):1140-5.</p>
<p>Kjær I, Torstveit MK, Kolle E, Hansen BM, Anderssen SA. Normative values for musculoskeletal- and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy Norwegian adults and the association with obesity: a cross-sectional study. <i>BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation</i>. 2016;8(37):1-9.</p>
<p>Doré E, Bedu M, França NM, Praagh EV. Anaerobic cycling performance characteristics in prebubescent adolescent and young adult females. <i>European Journal of Applied Physiology</i>. 2001;84:476-481.</p>
<p>Çonkaz H. <i>Psikomotor gelişim - doğum öncesinden ölüme kadar</i> [Psychomotor Development - From Birth to Death). Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi Tic. Ltd. Şti.; 2017. (In Turkish).</p>
<p>Bompa T, Haff G. <i>Dönemleme; Antrenman kuramı ve yöntemi</i> [Periodization; Theory and Methodology of Training]. Ankara; 2015. (In Turkish).</p>
<p>Alexander J, Sepúlveda R, Vélez RR, Bautista JEC, Izquierdo M, Hermoso AG. Physical fitness and anthropometric normative values among Colombian-Indian schoolchildren. <i>MBP Public Health</i>. 2016;16(962):2-15.</p>
<p>Örjan E, Kristjan O, Björn E. Physical performance and body mass index in Swedish children and adolescents. <i>Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition.</i> 2005;49(4):172-179.</p>
<p>Tomkinson G, Lang J, Tremblay M, Dale M, LeBlanc A, Belanger K. International normative 20 m shuttle run values from 1 142 026 children and youth representing 50 countries. <i>British journal of sports Medicine</i>, 2016;1:1-14.</p>
<p>Coleman J, Hendry LB. <i>The Nature of Adolosence</i>. London and New York: Routelge; 1999.</p>
<p>Erikoğlu G, Özkamcı H, Golmoghanı N, Suveren C, Tot T, Şahin N. 7–12 yaş çocuklarda cinsiyet ve yaş gruplarına göre eurofit test bataryası ile performans parametrelerinin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of Eurofit test battery and performance parameters according to gender and age groups in 7-12 year old children]. <i>Journal of Gazi Physical Education and Sport Sciences </i>2009;14(4):49-64. (In Turkish).</p>
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2018-02-27
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Milaim B, Murat Çilli. Normative values for physical fitness in children aged 11-17 in Kosovo. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports. 2018;22(1):17-2. https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2018.0103
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