Топографічний запис гоночної траси в слаломі
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2018.0101Ключові слова:
Топографічний спідометр, маршрут слалому, геометрія, швидкість руху слаломуАнотація
Мета : Метою цього дослідження було вивчення і оцінка використання теодоліта (топографічного спідометра) при відстеженні шляху в гонках слалому на снігових умовах з 58 воротами, а також для запису оптимального методу відстеження маршруту слалому по відношенню до: а) «швидкість» гоночної траси (ступінь складності слалому), б) безпеку відстеження маршруту слалому. Матеріал : Це дослідження було засноване на методології і вимірах гоночної траси в гігантському слаломі з 35 воротами на гірськолижному курорті «3-5 Пігадія» Наусса - Греції. Топографічний спідометр був встановлений на місці на початку маршруту. З цього моменту були зроблені вимірювання для розміщення всіх 58 воріт по всьому маршруту. Вимірювання проводилося з використанням полюсной призми, розміщеної в кожному повороті внутрішнього затвора, на який націлювався теодоліт. За допомогою топографічного спідометра були зареєстровані наступні геометричні параметри: відстань між воротами (Δs), різницю висот точок (Δh) з точністю до 1 см, нахил місцевості (θ), кутове відхилення затвора (δ) з точністю до 1 хвилини від кута (град.). Це дозволяє створювати вигляд зверху, боковий вид (профіль) і тривимірний аспект треку в умовах гонки на снігу, а не на сухому грунті. Результати : коефіцієнт кореляції (r) між геометричним коефіцієнтом (V.gs) і середніми наведеними вище параметрами геометрії мав наступні відповідні значення: V.gs -Ms = 0,15, V.gs -Mθ = - 0,52, V.gs -Mδ = - 0,29 для 58 воріт на рівні статистичної значущості p <0,05. Висновки : перша частина, що складається з 10 воріт, була «найшвидшої» (V.gs = 18 градусів) від загального маршруту слалому в Наусса з 58 воротами (V gs = 14 градусів). З наведеними вище критеріями слалому будуть порівнюватися один з одним і будуть оцінюватися за віком і безпекою.Посилання
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<p>Cotelli F, Cotelli M. <i>Sci competizione. La tecnica delle tre discipline: slalom, gigante e discesa.</i> [Ski competition. The technique of the three disciplines: slalom, giant and descent]. Milan: Longanesi R.C.; 1981. (In Italian)</p>
<p>Nachbauer W. Lienienführung und Druckverlauf bei Torlauf und Riesentorlauf. [Leading line and course of pressure in slalom and giant slalom]. <i>AUSTRIA SKI,</i> 1985;4(85):34-35. (In German)</p>
<p>Nachbauer W. Fahrlinie in Torlauf und Reisentorlauf. [Course line in slalom and giant slalom]. <i>Leistungs sport</i>, 1987; 17(6):17-21. (In German)</p>
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<p>Giovanis V. <i>Kinematics of slalom courses’ runs in alpine skiing and problem of injuries. </i>PhD [dissertation]. Cracow: University of Physical Education; 1998.<i> (in Polish)</i>.</p>
<p>Henning E. Improvement of GPS accuracy for the tracking of human motion by the elimination of “Selective Availability” restrictions. In: Gerber H, Müller R(ed).<i> International Society of Biomechanics XVIIIth Congress.</i> Zurich; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; 2001. P. S10.</p>
<p>Aschenbrenner P. <i>Kinematics of competitors’ running on the course of alpine skiing giant slalom and its geometric parameters </i>PhD [dissertation]. J. Sniadecki University of Physical Education, Gdansk; 2002. (in Polish).</p>
<p>Brodie Μ, Walmsley Α, Page W. Force vector analysis of ski racing technique using fusion motion capture. In: Menzel H-J, Chagas MH (ed) <i>25th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports.</i> Proceedings. Ouro Preto, MG, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG; 2007. P. 71-74. </p>
<p>Brodie M, Walmsley A, Page W. Fusion motion capture: a prototype system using inertial measurement units and GPS for the biomechanical analysis of ski racing. <i>Sports Technol.</i> 2008, 1:1:17-28. </p>
<p>Hasler M, Abwerzger G, Hofmann-Wellenhof B, Nachbauer W. A kinematic carrier phase GPS for biomechanical analyses. In:Schena F (ed).<i> Book of Abstracts of the 2nd<sup> </sup>International Congress “Mountain, Sport & Health”.</i> Rovereto; Interuniversity Research Center in Bioengineering and Motor Science; 2007. P 41. </p>
<p>Seifriz F, Mester J, Krämer A, Roth R.The use of GPS for continuous measurement of kinematic data and for the validation of a model in alpine skiing. <i>International Journal of Computer Science in Sport</i>, 2009;1:62-63. </p>
<p>Skaloud J, Limpach P. Synergy of CP-DGPS, Accelerometry and Magnetic Sensors for Precise Trajectography in Ski Racing. <i>ION Press GPS/GNSS,</i> 2003;3:9-12. </p>
<p>Skaloud J, Gontran H, Merminod B. GSM-Distributed RTK for precise analysis of speed skiing. <i>8th European Navigation Conference GNSS 2004. </i>Rotterdam; 2011. P.120.</p>
<p>Waegli A, Skaloud J. Assessment of GPS/MEMS-IMU Integration Performance in Ski Racing. <i>Presented at European Navigation Congress ENC-GNSS</i>, Geneva; 2011. P. 40. </p>
<p>Pozzo R, Canclini A, Casasola S, Ciro D, Cotelli Ch, Baroni G. 3-D kinematic and kinetic analysis of G-slalom at Valbadia World Cup Race in 2002. In: Schena F (ed).<i> International Congress “Mountain and Sport.</i> Updating Study and Research from Laboratory to Field”, Programme and Book of Abstracts. Rovereto: Interuniversity Research Center in Bioengineering and Motor Science; 2005. P. 48.</p>
<p>Supej M. A step forward in 3D measurements in alpine skiing: a combination of an inertial suit and DGPS technology. In: Müller E, Lindinger S, Stöggl T, Fastenbauer V. (ed).<i> 4th International Congress on Science and Skiing 2007</i>, Salzburg: University of Salzburg; 2007. P. 100. </p>
<p>Supej M. 3D measurements of alpine skiing with an inertial sensor motion capture suit and GNSS RTK system<i>. Sports Sciences</i>, 2010, 28(7):759-769. </p>
<p>Giovanis V, Erdmann WS. <i>Problem of outer slalom poles in alpine skiing. </i>Gdansk: J. Sniadecki University, School of Physical Education; 1996. Report No.:1996-01. (in Polish) </p>
<p>Giovanis V, Giovani Ch, Kotrotsios S, Lapszo J. Review of methods of simulation in skiing. <i>Physical Education–Sport–Health. </i>2010; 25:18-38 (in Greek). </p>
<p>Twardokens GR. Brachistochrone (i.e. shortest time) in skiing descents. In: Nosek M, Sojka D, Morrison WE, Susanka P (ed.).<i> Proceedings of the VIIIth International Symposium of the Society of Biomechanics in Sports</i>, Praha: Conex Company; 1990. P. 205-209.</p>
<p>Erdmann WS, Suchanowski A, Aschenbrenner P. Geometry and running of the alpine ski FIS World Cup giant slalom. Part one – geometry. In: Hong Y., Johns D. P. (ed). <i>Proceedings, XVIII Symposium of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports</i>, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000; 2: 637-641. </p>
<p>Erdmann WS, Giovanis V, Aschenbrenner P, Suchanowski A. Geometry and Running of the Alpine Ski FIS World Cup Giant Slalom, Part two – Velosity.In: Blackwell J.R. (ed).<i> XIX International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports. </i>University of San Francisco; 2001. P. 5.</p>
<p>Erdmann WS, Aschenbrenner P. Geometry and running of the alpine ski FIS World Cup giant slalom. Part 3: Velocity as a function of geometry. In:K. E. Gianikellis. Cáceres (ed). <i>Proceedings of the Exit International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports,</i> Cancers, Spain, Univ. de Extremadura. Servicio de; 2002. P. 101. </p>
<p>Erdmann WS, Giovanis V, Aschenbrenner P,Kyriakis V, Suchanowski A. Methods for acquiring data on terrain geomorphology, course geometry and kinematics of competitors’ runs in alpine skiing: a historical review.<i>Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics.</i> 2017; 19(1):69-79.</p>
<p>Giovanis V. <i>Techniki tis chionodromias </i>[Skiing technique]. Athens; 2006 (in Greek). </p>
<p>Giovanis V. <i>Proponitiki sti chionodromia katavaseon </i>[Coaching in Alpine skiing]. Athens; 2008. (in Greek).</p>
<p>EOS Naoussa–FIS. <i>Hellenic Mountaineering Association. Ski Center - The data of the homologation track of slalom, giant slalom and super-giant slalom by the International Ski Federation (FIS).</i> Topographic material of the route on dry ground "Aristotle" (Balcony) at 3-5 Pigadia (Naoussa), Greece; 1990. </p>
<p>Erdmann WS, Giovanis V. Incidents in alpine skiing giant slalom. In: Riehle H. J., Vieten M. M. (ed.) <i>Proceedings, XVI Symposium of the International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports</i>, Konstanz: University of Konstanz; 1998. P. 311-312. </p>
<p>FIS. <i>Injury Prevention.</i> Oberhofen, Switzerland: International Ski Federation; 2011. </p>
<p>Cotelli F, Cotelli M. <i>Sci competizione. La tecnica delle tre discipline: slalom, gigante e discesa.</i> [Ski competition. The technique of the three disciplines: slalom, giant and descent]. Milan: Longanesi R.C.; 1981. (In Italian)</p>
<p>Nachbauer W. Lienienführung und Druckverlauf bei Torlauf und Riesentorlauf. [Leading line and course of pressure in slalom and giant slalom]. <i>AUSTRIA SKI,</i> 1985;4(85):34-35. (In German)</p>
<p>Nachbauer W. Fahrlinie in Torlauf und Reisentorlauf. [Course line in slalom and giant slalom]. <i>Leistungs sport</i>, 1987; 17(6):17-21. (In German)</p>
<p>Erdmann WS, Giovanis V. Preliminary investigations of kinematics of a skier in giant slalom (in Polish). In: Mazurkiewicz S (ed.) <i>Proceedings. All Polish Conference of</i> <i>Biomechanics.</i> Krakow: B. Czech University, School of Physical Education; 1995. P. 57-62. </p>
<p>Giovanis V. <i>Kinematics of slalom courses’ runs in alpine skiing and problem of injuries. </i>PhD [dissertation]. Cracow: University of Physical Education; 1998.<i> (in Polish)</i>.</p>
<p>Henning E. Improvement of GPS accuracy for the tracking of human motion by the elimination of “Selective Availability” restrictions. In: Gerber H, Müller R(ed).<i> International Society of Biomechanics XVIIIth Congress.</i> Zurich; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; 2001. P. S10.</p>
<p>Aschenbrenner P. <i>Kinematics of competitors’ running on the course of alpine skiing giant slalom and its geometric parameters </i>PhD [dissertation]. J. Sniadecki University of Physical Education, Gdansk; 2002. (in Polish).</p>
<p>Brodie Μ, Walmsley Α, Page W. Force vector analysis of ski racing technique using fusion motion capture. In: Menzel H-J, Chagas MH (ed) <i>25th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports.</i> Proceedings. Ouro Preto, MG, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG; 2007. P. 71-74. </p>
<p>Brodie M, Walmsley A, Page W. Fusion motion capture: a prototype system using inertial measurement units and GPS for the biomechanical analysis of ski racing. <i>Sports Technol.</i> 2008, 1:1:17-28. </p>
<p>Hasler M, Abwerzger G, Hofmann-Wellenhof B, Nachbauer W. A kinematic carrier phase GPS for biomechanical analyses. In:Schena F (ed).<i> Book of Abstracts of the 2nd<sup> </sup>International Congress “Mountain, Sport & Health”.</i> Rovereto; Interuniversity Research Center in Bioengineering and Motor Science; 2007. P 41. </p>
<p>Seifriz F, Mester J, Krämer A, Roth R.The use of GPS for continuous measurement of kinematic data and for the validation of a model in alpine skiing. <i>International Journal of Computer Science in Sport</i>, 2009;1:62-63. </p>
<p>Skaloud J, Limpach P. Synergy of CP-DGPS, Accelerometry and Magnetic Sensors for Precise Trajectography in Ski Racing. <i>ION Press GPS/GNSS,</i> 2003;3:9-12. </p>
<p>Skaloud J, Gontran H, Merminod B. GSM-Distributed RTK for precise analysis of speed skiing. <i>8th European Navigation Conference GNSS 2004. </i>Rotterdam; 2011. P.120.</p>
<p>Waegli A, Skaloud J. Assessment of GPS/MEMS-IMU Integration Performance in Ski Racing. <i>Presented at European Navigation Congress ENC-GNSS</i>, Geneva; 2011. P. 40. </p>
<p>Pozzo R, Canclini A, Casasola S, Ciro D, Cotelli Ch, Baroni G. 3-D kinematic and kinetic analysis of G-slalom at Valbadia World Cup Race in 2002. In: Schena F (ed).<i> International Congress “Mountain and Sport.</i> Updating Study and Research from Laboratory to Field”, Programme and Book of Abstracts. Rovereto: Interuniversity Research Center in Bioengineering and Motor Science; 2005. P. 48.</p>
<p>Supej M. A step forward in 3D measurements in alpine skiing: a combination of an inertial suit and DGPS technology. In: Müller E, Lindinger S, Stöggl T, Fastenbauer V. (ed).<i> 4th International Congress on Science and Skiing 2007</i>, Salzburg: University of Salzburg; 2007. P. 100. </p>
<p>Supej M. 3D measurements of alpine skiing with an inertial sensor motion capture suit and GNSS RTK system<i>. Sports Sciences</i>, 2010, 28(7):759-769. </p>
<p>Giovanis V, Erdmann WS. <i>Problem of outer slalom poles in alpine skiing. </i>Gdansk: J. Sniadecki University, School of Physical Education; 1996. Report No.:1996-01. (in Polish) </p>
<p>Giovanis V, Giovani Ch, Kotrotsios S, Lapszo J. Review of methods of simulation in skiing. <i>Physical Education–Sport–Health. </i>2010; 25:18-38 (in Greek). </p>
<p>Twardokens GR. Brachistochrone (i.e. shortest time) in skiing descents. In: Nosek M, Sojka D, Morrison WE, Susanka P (ed.).<i> Proceedings of the VIIIth International Symposium of the Society of Biomechanics in Sports</i>, Praha: Conex Company; 1990. P. 205-209.</p>
<p>Erdmann WS, Suchanowski A, Aschenbrenner P. Geometry and running of the alpine ski FIS World Cup giant slalom. Part one – geometry. In: Hong Y., Johns D. P. (ed). <i>Proceedings, XVIII Symposium of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports</i>, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000; 2: 637-641. </p>
<p>Erdmann WS, Giovanis V, Aschenbrenner P, Suchanowski A. Geometry and Running of the Alpine Ski FIS World Cup Giant Slalom, Part two – Velosity.In: Blackwell J.R. (ed).<i> XIX International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports. </i>University of San Francisco; 2001. P. 5.</p>
<p>Erdmann WS, Aschenbrenner P. Geometry and running of the alpine ski FIS World Cup giant slalom. Part 3: Velocity as a function of geometry. In:K. E. Gianikellis. Cáceres (ed). <i>Proceedings of the Exit International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports,</i> Cancers, Spain, Univ. de Extremadura. Servicio de; 2002. P. 101. </p>
<p>Erdmann WS, Giovanis V, Aschenbrenner P,Kyriakis V, Suchanowski A. Methods for acquiring data on terrain geomorphology, course geometry and kinematics of competitors’ runs in alpine skiing: a historical review.<i>Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics.</i> 2017; 19(1):69-79.</p>
<p>Giovanis V. <i>Techniki tis chionodromias </i>[Skiing technique]. Athens; 2006 (in Greek). </p>
<p>Giovanis V. <i>Proponitiki sti chionodromia katavaseon </i>[Coaching in Alpine skiing]. Athens; 2008. (in Greek).</p>
<p>EOS Naoussa–FIS. <i>Hellenic Mountaineering Association. Ski Center - The data of the homologation track of slalom, giant slalom and super-giant slalom by the International Ski Federation (FIS).</i> Topographic material of the route on dry ground "Aristotle" (Balcony) at 3-5 Pigadia (Naoussa), Greece; 1990. </p>
<p>Erdmann WS, Giovanis V. Incidents in alpine skiing giant slalom. In: Riehle H. J., Vieten M. M. (ed.) <i>Proceedings, XVI Symposium of the International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports</i>, Konstanz: University of Konstanz; 1998. P. 311-312. </p>
<p>FIS. <i>Injury Prevention.</i> Oberhofen, Switzerland: International Ski Federation; 2011. </p>
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2018-02-27
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Giovanis V, Yiaghis F, Vasileiou P. Топографічний запис гоночної траси в слаломі. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports. 27, Лютий 2018;22(1):4-10. доступний у10.15561/18189172.2018.0101
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