Допінг в олімпійському спорт: кризові явища та шляхи їх подолання
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2016.0608Ключові слова:
допінг в олімпійському спорті, антидопінгова діяльність, WADA, Всесвітній антидопінговий кодексАнотація
У статті піддана аналізу сучасна історія поширення допінгу в олімпійському спорті, боротьба МОК з цим негативним явищем і діяльність Всесвітнього антидопінгового агентства (WADA), утвореного в 1999 р. і покликаного викорінити застосування допінгу. Показано, що багаторічна діяльність цього агентства, не дивлячись на постійно зростаючі фінансові, кадрові та юридичні можливості, інтенсивну пропагандистську діяльність, багаторазово зрослий обсяг тестування, найжорстокіші санкції, підтримку авторитетних міжнародних організацій (ООН, ЮНЕСКО, Рада Європи) не тільки не наблизила олімпійський спорт до вирішення проблеми, але і її різко загострило, зробило небезпечною для авторитету і благополуччя олімпійського руху. І справа тут не стільки в різко зростаючий в останні роки конкуренції в спорті вищих досягнень, соціально-політичної та комерційної привабливості успіхів на Олімпійських іграх, скільки в принципово помилковою методології, покладеної WADA в основу своєї діяльності і заснованої на нехтуванні досягненнями біологічної, медичної та спортивної науки, реаліями сучасного спорту вищих досягнень і побудованої на основі поглядів юристів, економістів і «управлінців-універсалів». Детально представлені підсумки діяльності WADA і антидопінгових лабораторій, акредитованих цим агентством, що проявилися в численних кризових явищах, далеко вийшли за рамки олімпійського спорту, окреслені перспективи виходу з розвиненої важкої кризи в цій сфері.Посилання
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<p>Kruchinskiy N. Doping-kontrol' v sporte: obzor poslednikh sobytij [Doping control in sport: an overview of recent events]. <i>Nauka v olimpijskom sporte</i>, 2014;4:42-50. (in Russian)</p>
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<p>Miah A, Garcia B. <i>Osnovy Olimpizma</i> [Fundamentals of Olympism], Moscow: Reed Media; 2013. (in Russian)</p>
<p><i>NKhL uzhestochit bor'bu s dopingom</i> [NHL toughens fight against doping]. [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2016 Nov 09]. Available from: http://www.newsru.com/sport/31may2009/ garri.html (in Russian)</p>
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<p>Platonov VN. <i>Sistema podgotovki sportsmenov v olimpijskom sporte. Obshchaia teoriia i ee prakticheskie prilozheniia</i> [The system of preparing athletes in the Olympic sport. General theory and its practical applications]:Кyiv: Olympic literature; 2015;2. (in Russian)</p>
<p>Redko AYu, Baksheev CN. Medicinskoe zakonodatel'stvo Ukrainy s pozicii zashchity prav vracha akushera-ginekologa [Medical legislation of Ukraine from the perspective of the protection of the rights of the gynecologist]. <i>Doktor, </i>[Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Nov 09]; 1. Available from: http://www.critical.ru/actual/etica/ukrain_medlow.htm</p>
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<p>Antonio J, Stout JR. <i>Supplements for endurance athletes</i>. Champain, Illinois: Human Kinetics; 2003. </p>
<p>Backhouse SH, McKenna J. Doping in sport: a review of medical practitioners' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. <i>Int J Drug Policy</i>. 2011;22(3):198–202. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.03.002</p>
<p>Berry DA. The science of doping. <i>Nature, </i>2008;454(7205):692–693.</p>
<p>Coleman JE, Levine JM. The burden of proof in endogenous substance cases: A masking agent for junk science. McNamee M, Moller V, editors. <i>Doping and anti-doping policy in sport</i>. London: Routledge; 2011. </p>
<p>Corrigan B, Kaslauskas R. <i>Mission Statement.</i> International Olympic Committee (IOC). [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2016 Nov 09]; Available from: http://www.sportsdrugs.com/aps/ss aboutus.asp</p>
<p>Donahue EG, Miquelon P, Valois P. A motivational model of performance-enhancing substance use in elite athletes. <i>J. of Sport and Exercise Psychology.</i> 2006;28:511–520.</p>
<p><i>Doping – Medical Commission Olympic Committee</i>. Lausanne; 1972. </p>
<p>Gucciardi DF, Jalleh G, Donovan RJ. An examination of the Sport Drug Control Model with elite Australian athletes. <i>Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport</i>. 2011;14(6):469–476. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.03.009</p>
<p>Hanstad DV, Loland S. Elite athletes’ duty to provide information on their whereabouts: justifiable anti-doping work or an indefensible surveillance regime? <i>Europ. J. Sport Sci.</i> 2009;9(1):3–10.</p>
<p>Harmer PA. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among young male and female athletes: Is the game to blame? <i>British J. of Sports Medicine, </i>2010;44:26–31.</p>
<p>Hartgens F. Medication, athletes and doping regulations. <i>Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd</i>. 2008;152(33):1844–1848. [in Dutch]</p>
<p>Harvey K. <i>Sports science and medicine: ethics</i>. Background Paper; 2014.</p>
<p>Jeffreys I. Supplements for strength-power athletes. New York: Human Kinetics; 2002. </p>
<p>Kayser B. Exercise starts and ends in the brain. <i>Europ. J. of Applied Physiology</i>. 2003;90:411-419.</p>
<p>Kayser B, Mauron A, Miah A. Current anti-doping policy: a critical appraisal. <i>BMC Med. Ethics</i>. 2007;8:2-3.</p>
<p>Kenney LW, Wilmore JH, Costill DL. <i>Physiology of Sport and Exercise</i>. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2012. </p>
<p>Kleiner SM. <i>Power Eating</i>. – N. Y.: Human Kinetics; 2003. </p>
<p>Koller DL. From Medals to Morality: Sportive Nationalism and the Problem of Doping in Sports. <i>Marquette Sports Law Rev.</i> 2008;19(1):92–123.</p>
<p>Layden T, Yaeger D. <i>Playing Favorites an ex-UCOS official some athletes were allowed to bend the drug rules.</i> [cited 2016 September 1]. Available from: http://sportsillustrate.crm.com/si_online/scorecard /news/2003/04/15sc/</p>
<p>Lukas JA. <i>Future of the Olympic Games</i>. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1992. </p>
<p>Maeschalck J. Dispute resolution in high performance sport and how it influences elite athletes’ careers. In: Sotiriadou P, De Bosscher V (ed.). <i>Managing high performance sport</i>. New York: Routledge; 2013.P. 285–288.</p>
<p>Malloy DC, Zakus DH. Ethics of drug testing in sport-An invasion of privacy justified? <i>Sport, Education and Society</i>. 2002;7(2):203–218.</p>
<p>Mazanov J, Connor J. Rethinking the management of drugs in sport. <i>Int. J. of Sport Policy and Politics, </i>2010;2(1):49–63. doi:10.1080/19406941003634032</p>
<p>Mazanov J. Vale WADA, ave "World Sports Drug Agency". <i>Performance Enhancement and Health, </i>2013;2(2):80–83. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2013.08.014</p>
<p>McNamee MJ, Phillips NC. Confidentiality, disclosure and doping in sports medicine. <i>British J sports med</i>. 2011;45:174–177.</p>
<p>Miach A. <i>Genetically modified athlets. Biomedical ethics, gene doping and sport</i>. Padstow; 2004. </p>
<p>Miller G. <i>Behind the Olympic Ring</i>. Lynn, Massachusetts: H. O. Zimman; 2004. </p>
<p>Mottram DR. A historical perspective of doping and anti-doping in sport. In: Mottram DR, editor. <i>Drugs in Sport</i>, 2011; p. 21.</p>
<p>Petroczi A, Aidman E. Psychological drivers of doping: The life-cycle model of performance enhancement. <i>Substances Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy, </i>2008;3(7):20-25.</p>
<p>Pound R. <i>Inside Olympic. </i>Toronto: Jon Willey; 2004.</p>
<p>Pound R. <i>Inside Olympic</i>. Toronto: Jon Willey; 2004. </p>
<p>Rosenblum CA<i>. Sport Nutrition</i>. The American Dietic Association; 1999. </p>
<p>Savulescu J, Creaney L, Vondy A. Should athletes be allowed to use performance enhancing drugs? <i>Brit. Med. J. </i>2013;347:f6150. doi:10.1136/bmj.f6150</p>
<p>Sigman SM. Are We All Dopes? A Behavior Law & Economics Approach to Legal Regulation of Doping in Sports. <i>Marquette Sports Law Rev.</i> 2008;19(1):126–208.</p>
<p>Smith ACT, Stewart B. Drug policy in sport: Hidden assumptions and inherent contradictions. <i>Drug and Alcohol Review</i>, 2008;27:123–129.</p>
<p>Stewart B, Smith ACT. Drug use in sport: Implications for public policy. <i>Journal of Sport and Social Issues</i>, 2008;32(3):278–298. </p>
<p>Strelan P, Strelan P, Boeckmann RJ. Why drug testing in elite sport does not work: Perceptual deterrence theory and the role of personal moral beliefs. <i>Journal of Applied Social Psychology, </i>2006;36(12):2909–2934.</p>
<p>Strelan P, Boeckmann RJ. Why drug testing in elite sport does not work: Perceptual deterrence theory and the role of personal moral beliefs. <i>J. of App. Social Psychology</i>, 2006;36(12):2909–2934.</p>
<p>Striegel H, Ulrich R, Simon P. Randomized response estimates for doping and illicit drug use in elite athletes. <i>Drug and Alcohol Dependence,</i> 2010;106 (2–3):230–232.</p>
<p>Thevis M, Schanzar W. Performance-Enhancing Drugs. In: Moughan RJ (ed.). <i>Olympic Textbook of Science in Sport,</i> International Olympic Committee; 2009. P. 285–303.</p>
<p>Tsitsimpikou C, Tsiokanos A, Tsarouhas K. Medication use by athletes at the Athens 2004 Summer Olympic Games. <i>Clinical journal of sport medicine</i>, 2009;19(1):33–38.</p>
<p>Voy R<i>. Drugs, Sport and Politics.</i> Champaign, Illinois: Leisure Press; 1991. </p>
<p>Waddington I. <i>Sport, health and drugs: a critical sociological perspective</i>. Taylor & Francis; 2000.</p>
<p>Wilmore JH. Physiologie du Sport. et de l’Exercice [Physiology of Sport and Exercise]. In: Wilmore JH, editor. <i>Adaptations physiologiques à l’exercice physique</i> [Physiological adaptations to exercise], De Boeck Université; 2009; 544 p. (in French)</p>
<p><i>World anti-doping code</i>: Version 2. WADA; 2002.</p>
<p><i>World anti-doping code</i>: Version 3. Copenhagen: Denmark; 5 March, 2003.</p>
<p><i>World anti-doping code</i>. WADA; 2009.</p>
<p><i>World anti-doping code</i>. WADA; 2015. [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Nov 09]; Available from: https://wada-main-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/resources/files/wada-2015-world-anti-doping-code.pdf</p>
<p><i>V MLB uzhestochili bor'bu s dopingom</i> [MLB tightened up fight against doping]. [Internet]. 2005 Nov 15 [cited 2016 Nov 09]. Available from: http://www.sport-express.ru/baseball/news/105168/ (in Russian)</p>
<p>Gorchakova NA, Gudivok YaS, Gunina LM. <i>Farmakologiia sporta</i> [Pharmacology of sport]. Кiev: Olympic literature; 2010. (in Russian)</p>
<p>Gunina L. Anabolicheskie agenty v sporte: mekhanizm dopingovogo dejstviia i pobochnye effekty [Anabolic agents in sport: stimulating mechanisms of action and side effects]. <i>Nauka v olimpijskom sporte, </i>2015;4:39-48. (in Russian)</p>
<p>Jusoity A. Chestnaia igra [Fair play]. <i>Kommersant</i>, 2008;83:1-2. (in Russian)</p>
<p>Kruchinskiy N. Doping-kontrol' v sporte: obzor poslednikh sobytij [Doping control in sport: an overview of recent events]. <i>Nauka v olimpijskom sporte</i>, 2014;4:42-50. (in Russian)</p>
<p>Ledashin D, Kharitonova A, Khrushchev V. Medal' s efedrinom [Medal with ephedrine]. <i>Sovershenno sekretno</i>, 2003;10:30-31. (in Russian)</p>
<p>Miah A, Garcia B. <i>Osnovy Olimpizma</i> [Fundamentals of Olympism], Moscow: Reed Media; 2013. (in Russian)</p>
<p><i>NKhL uzhestochit bor'bu s dopingom</i> [NHL toughens fight against doping]. [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2016 Nov 09]. Available from: http://www.newsru.com/sport/31may2009/ garri.html (in Russian)</p>
<p>Platonov VN. Doping v olimpijskom sporte: istoriia, sostoianie, perspektivy [Doping in Olympic sport: history, status, prospects]. In: Platonov VN, editor. <i>Doping i ergogennye sredstva v sporte</i> [Doping and ergogenic aids in sports]. Kiev: Olympic literature, 2003; p. 9-49. (in Russian)</p>
<p>Platonov VN. <i>Sistema podgotovki sportsmenov v olimpijskom sporte: obshchaia teoriia i ee prakticheskie prilozheniia </i>[The system of preparing athletes in the Olympic sport: general theory and its practical applications], Kyiv: Olympic literature; 2004. (in Russian)</p>
<p>Platonov VN. <i>Olimpijskij sport</i> [Olympic sport]. Kiev; 2009;2. (in Russian)</p>
<p>Platonov VN. <i>Sistema podgotovki sportsmenov v olimpijskom sporte. Obshchaia teoriia i ee prakticheskie prilozheniia</i> [The system of preparing athletes in the Olympic sport. General theory and its practical applications]:Кyiv: Olympic literature; 2015;2. (in Russian)</p>
<p>Redko AYu, Baksheev CN. Medicinskoe zakonodatel'stvo Ukrainy s pozicii zashchity prav vracha akushera-ginekologa [Medical legislation of Ukraine from the perspective of the protection of the rights of the gynecologist]. <i>Doktor, </i>[Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Nov 09]; 1. Available from: http://www.critical.ru/actual/etica/ukrain_medlow.htm</p>
<p>Saltinskie repressii[Saltin's repressions]. <i>Izvestiia</i> 2003 Jan 21.</p>
<p>Skorodumova AP, Kuznetsov AA. Specifika sorevnovatel'nykh nagruzok vysokokvalificirovannykh tennisistov [The specifics of competitive loads of highly qualified tennis players]. <i>Vestnik sportivnoj nauki</i>, 2013;6:19-22.</p>
<p>Antonio J, Stout JR. <i>Supplements for endurance athletes</i>. Champain, Illinois: Human Kinetics; 2003. </p>
<p>Backhouse SH, McKenna J. Doping in sport: a review of medical practitioners' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. <i>Int J Drug Policy</i>. 2011;22(3):198–202. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.03.002</p>
<p>Berry DA. The science of doping. <i>Nature, </i>2008;454(7205):692–693.</p>
<p>Coleman JE, Levine JM. The burden of proof in endogenous substance cases: A masking agent for junk science. McNamee M, Moller V, editors. <i>Doping and anti-doping policy in sport</i>. London: Routledge; 2011. </p>
<p>Corrigan B, Kaslauskas R. <i>Mission Statement.</i> International Olympic Committee (IOC). [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2016 Nov 09]; Available from: http://www.sportsdrugs.com/aps/ss aboutus.asp</p>
<p>Donahue EG, Miquelon P, Valois P. A motivational model of performance-enhancing substance use in elite athletes. <i>J. of Sport and Exercise Psychology.</i> 2006;28:511–520.</p>
<p><i>Doping – Medical Commission Olympic Committee</i>. Lausanne; 1972. </p>
<p>Gucciardi DF, Jalleh G, Donovan RJ. An examination of the Sport Drug Control Model with elite Australian athletes. <i>Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport</i>. 2011;14(6):469–476. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.03.009</p>
<p>Hanstad DV, Loland S. Elite athletes’ duty to provide information on their whereabouts: justifiable anti-doping work or an indefensible surveillance regime? <i>Europ. J. Sport Sci.</i> 2009;9(1):3–10.</p>
<p>Harmer PA. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among young male and female athletes: Is the game to blame? <i>British J. of Sports Medicine, </i>2010;44:26–31.</p>
<p>Hartgens F. Medication, athletes and doping regulations. <i>Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd</i>. 2008;152(33):1844–1848. [in Dutch]</p>
<p>Harvey K. <i>Sports science and medicine: ethics</i>. Background Paper; 2014.</p>
<p>Jeffreys I. Supplements for strength-power athletes. New York: Human Kinetics; 2002. </p>
<p>Kayser B. Exercise starts and ends in the brain. <i>Europ. J. of Applied Physiology</i>. 2003;90:411-419.</p>
<p>Kayser B, Mauron A, Miah A. Current anti-doping policy: a critical appraisal. <i>BMC Med. Ethics</i>. 2007;8:2-3.</p>
<p>Kenney LW, Wilmore JH, Costill DL. <i>Physiology of Sport and Exercise</i>. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2012. </p>
<p>Kleiner SM. <i>Power Eating</i>. – N. Y.: Human Kinetics; 2003. </p>
<p>Koller DL. From Medals to Morality: Sportive Nationalism and the Problem of Doping in Sports. <i>Marquette Sports Law Rev.</i> 2008;19(1):92–123.</p>
<p>Layden T, Yaeger D. <i>Playing Favorites an ex-UCOS official some athletes were allowed to bend the drug rules.</i> [cited 2016 September 1]. Available from: http://sportsillustrate.crm.com/si_online/scorecard /news/2003/04/15sc/</p>
<p>Lukas JA. <i>Future of the Olympic Games</i>. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1992. </p>
<p>Maeschalck J. Dispute resolution in high performance sport and how it influences elite athletes’ careers. In: Sotiriadou P, De Bosscher V (ed.). <i>Managing high performance sport</i>. New York: Routledge; 2013.P. 285–288.</p>
<p>Malloy DC, Zakus DH. Ethics of drug testing in sport-An invasion of privacy justified? <i>Sport, Education and Society</i>. 2002;7(2):203–218.</p>
<p>Mazanov J, Connor J. Rethinking the management of drugs in sport. <i>Int. J. of Sport Policy and Politics, </i>2010;2(1):49–63. doi:10.1080/19406941003634032</p>
<p>Mazanov J. Vale WADA, ave "World Sports Drug Agency". <i>Performance Enhancement and Health, </i>2013;2(2):80–83. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2013.08.014</p>
<p>McNamee MJ, Phillips NC. Confidentiality, disclosure and doping in sports medicine. <i>British J sports med</i>. 2011;45:174–177.</p>
<p>Miach A. <i>Genetically modified athlets. Biomedical ethics, gene doping and sport</i>. Padstow; 2004. </p>
<p>Miller G. <i>Behind the Olympic Ring</i>. Lynn, Massachusetts: H. O. Zimman; 2004. </p>
<p>Mottram DR. A historical perspective of doping and anti-doping in sport. In: Mottram DR, editor. <i>Drugs in Sport</i>, 2011; p. 21.</p>
<p>Petroczi A, Aidman E. Psychological drivers of doping: The life-cycle model of performance enhancement. <i>Substances Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy, </i>2008;3(7):20-25.</p>
<p>Pound R. <i>Inside Olympic. </i>Toronto: Jon Willey; 2004.</p>
<p>Pound R. <i>Inside Olympic</i>. Toronto: Jon Willey; 2004. </p>
<p>Rosenblum CA<i>. Sport Nutrition</i>. The American Dietic Association; 1999. </p>
<p>Savulescu J, Creaney L, Vondy A. Should athletes be allowed to use performance enhancing drugs? <i>Brit. Med. J. </i>2013;347:f6150. doi:10.1136/bmj.f6150</p>
<p>Sigman SM. Are We All Dopes? A Behavior Law & Economics Approach to Legal Regulation of Doping in Sports. <i>Marquette Sports Law Rev.</i> 2008;19(1):126–208.</p>
<p>Smith ACT, Stewart B. Drug policy in sport: Hidden assumptions and inherent contradictions. <i>Drug and Alcohol Review</i>, 2008;27:123–129.</p>
<p>Stewart B, Smith ACT. Drug use in sport: Implications for public policy. <i>Journal of Sport and Social Issues</i>, 2008;32(3):278–298. </p>
<p>Strelan P, Strelan P, Boeckmann RJ. Why drug testing in elite sport does not work: Perceptual deterrence theory and the role of personal moral beliefs. <i>Journal of Applied Social Psychology, </i>2006;36(12):2909–2934.</p>
<p>Strelan P, Boeckmann RJ. Why drug testing in elite sport does not work: Perceptual deterrence theory and the role of personal moral beliefs. <i>J. of App. Social Psychology</i>, 2006;36(12):2909–2934.</p>
<p>Striegel H, Ulrich R, Simon P. Randomized response estimates for doping and illicit drug use in elite athletes. <i>Drug and Alcohol Dependence,</i> 2010;106 (2–3):230–232.</p>
<p>Thevis M, Schanzar W. Performance-Enhancing Drugs. In: Moughan RJ (ed.). <i>Olympic Textbook of Science in Sport,</i> International Olympic Committee; 2009. P. 285–303.</p>
<p>Tsitsimpikou C, Tsiokanos A, Tsarouhas K. Medication use by athletes at the Athens 2004 Summer Olympic Games. <i>Clinical journal of sport medicine</i>, 2009;19(1):33–38.</p>
<p>Voy R<i>. Drugs, Sport and Politics.</i> Champaign, Illinois: Leisure Press; 1991. </p>
<p>Waddington I. <i>Sport, health and drugs: a critical sociological perspective</i>. Taylor & Francis; 2000.</p>
<p>Wilmore JH. Physiologie du Sport. et de l’Exercice [Physiology of Sport and Exercise]. In: Wilmore JH, editor. <i>Adaptations physiologiques à l’exercice physique</i> [Physiological adaptations to exercise], De Boeck Université; 2009; 544 p. (in French)</p>
<p><i>World anti-doping code</i>: Version 2. WADA; 2002.</p>
<p><i>World anti-doping code</i>: Version 3. Copenhagen: Denmark; 5 March, 2003.</p>
<p><i>World anti-doping code</i>. WADA; 2009.</p>
<p><i>World anti-doping code</i>. WADA; 2015. [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Nov 09]; Available from: https://wada-main-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/resources/files/wada-2015-world-anti-doping-code.pdf</p>
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2016-12-11
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Platonov V. Допінг в олімпійському спорт: кризові явища та шляхи їх подолання. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports. 11, Грудень 2016;20(6):53-9. доступний у10.15561/18189172.2016.0608
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