Analysis of muscle tone and strength and cerebral blood flow in kickboxers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2019.0507Keywords:
electromyographic indicators, muscle imbalance, cerebral blood flow, kickboxersAbstract
Purpose: the article deals with providing a characteristic of muscle and tone status as well as precerebral and cerebral hemodynamics in kickboxers. Materials: 102 athletes with the qualification from the Second-class Athlete to the Master of Sport voluntary participated in the study. The average age of athletes at the moment of the study was 20.90±0.50. The average sports experience of participants was equal to 4.15±2.77. The control group consisted of apparently healthy young males of the same age but not involved in sports activities (n=35). The indicators of muscle tone and strength and cerebral blood flow were studied with the help of Doppler ultrasound of the main arteries of the head, electroneuromyography, and transcranial Doppler. Results: the article provides the results of the study on the effect of muscle and tone disturbances in the spinal motion segment on the functional status of precerebral and cerebral blood flow. The disturbances in nerve conduction velocity in the symmetrical groups of trunk muscles are considered as the reason for muscle imbalance in 50% of athletes. The analysis of blood flow indicators in kickboxers with muscle imbalance revealed a typical increase in the tone of precerebral vessels and changes in the gradients of blood flow velocity in various segments of the carotid and vertebral arteries. The decrease of cerebral blood flow in athletes, in particular, the venous outflow of a dystonic nature, is the result of spasmodic and ischemic Doppler patterns against a decreased indicator of arteriovenous balance. Mild traumatic brain injuries should also be taken into account when speaking about the development of cerebrovascular dysfunction as a result of kickboxers’ sparring activities and competitions. Conclusions: Differentiated disturbances in sensory and motor conductivity result in the disturbance of afferentation and muscle imbalance intensity. Angiospasm and vascular ischemia determine the increase in the linear blood flow velocity in the carotid system and the decrease in the vessels of the vertebrobasilar system against the increase in resistivity indicators in the carotid basins and vertebrobasilar system in kickboxers. Correlation analysis revealed visceral motor correlations, which proved the influence of the functional status of the regional muscle system on cerebral hemodynamics. The analysis of tone and strength muscle characteristics and cerebral blood flow in kickboxers indicates the necessity of correcting muscle and tone asymmetry of the paravertebral area.References
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2017.04.007
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2018.08.010
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.03.002
31. Sankar SB, Pybus AF, Liew A, Sanders B, Buckley EM. Low cerebral blood flow is a non-invasive biomarker of neuroinflammation after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. Neurobiology of Disease.2019;124:544-554.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.018
32. Olczak M, Niderla-Bielińska J, Kwiatkowska M, Samojłowicz D, Tarka S, Wierzba-Bobrowicz T. Tau protein (MAPT) as a possible biochemical marker of traumatic brain injury in postmortem examination. Forensic Science International. 2017;280:1-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.09.008
33. Bell ED, Donato AJ, Monson KL. Cerebrovascular dysfunction following subfailure axial stretch. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials. 2017;65:627-633.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.09.02
https://doi.org/10.5930/issn.1994-4683.2013.01.95.p128-134
2. Markov KK. Perfection of the technique of formation psychomotor characteristics of motor skills in highly skilled kickboxers. Modern high technologies. 2015;12-1:118-121.(in Russian)
3. Chechev IS. Improved temporal perception of highly trained kickboxers. Modern high technologies. 2016;8-1:163-167.(in Russian)
4. Podrigalo LV, Volodchenko AA, Rovnaya OA, Podavalenko OV, Grynova TI. The prediction of success in kickboxing based on the analysis of morphofunctional, physiological, biomechanical and psychophysiological indicators. Physical education of students. 2018;22(1):51-56.
https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2018.0108
5. Murrell CJ, Cotter JD, George K, Shave R, Wilson L, Thomas K, Williams MJA., Ainslie PN. Cardiorespiratory and cerebrovascular responses to head-up tilt II: Influence of age, training status and acute exercise. Experimental Gerontology. 2011;46(1):1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2010.06.004
6. Opondo MA, Sarma S, Levine BD. The Cardiovascular Physiology of Sports and Exercise. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2015;34(3):391-404.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2015.03.004
7. Nakata H, Yoshie M, Miura A, Kudo K. Characteristics of the athletes' brain: Evidence from neurophysiology and neuroimaging. Brain Research Reviews. 2010;62(2):197-211.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.11.006
8. Wolff W, Thürmer JL, Stadler K-M, Schüler J. Ready, set, go: Cortical hemodynamics during self-controlled sprint starts. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2019;41:21-28.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.11.002
9. Sawauchi S, Terao T, Tani S, Ogawa T, Abe T. Traumatic middle cerebral artery occlusion from boxing. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 1999;6(1):63-66.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-5868(99)90610-0
10. Coletta DF. Nonneurologic Emergencies in boxing. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2009;28(4):579-590.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2009.06.001
11. McCrory P, Feddermann-Demont N, Dvoøák J, Cassidy JD, McIntosh A, Vos PE, Echemendia RJ,Meeuwisse W,Tarnutzer AA.What is the definition of sports-related concussion: A systematic review (Review). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017;51(11):877-887.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097393
12. Slobounov SM, Zhang K, Pennell D, Ray W, Johnson B, Sebastianelli W. Functional abnormalities in normally appearing athletes following mild traumatic brain injury: a functional MRI study. Experimental Brain Research. 2010;202(2):341–354.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-009-2141-6
13. Nealon AR, Kountouris A, Cook JL. Side strain in sport: a narrative review of pathomechanics, diagnosis, imaging and management for the clinician. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2017;20(3):261-266.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.016
14. Liu HB, Yuan WX, Qin KR, Hou J. Acute effect of cycling intervention on carotid arterial hemodynamics: basketball athletes versus sedentary controls. Bio Medical Engineering On Line. 2015;14:S17.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-925X-14-S1-S17
15. Sternin YuI. Adaptation and after treatment in elite sport: Monograph. SPb, 2008. (in Russian)
16. Fudin NA, KlassinaSYa, Pigareva SN. Interrelation of indicators of muscular and cardiovascular systems at the increasing exercise stress at the persons playing physical culture and sport. Human Physiology. 2015;41(4):82. (in Russian)
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0362119715040088
17. Romanov YuN, Isaev AP. Physiological justification of integrated preparation in kickboxing. Scientific notes of the university of P.F. Lesgaft. 2013;2(96):144-149. (in Russian)
https://doi.org/10.5930/issn.1994-4683.2013.02.96.p144-149
18. Balykova LA, Ivyanskij SA, Gromova EV, Varlashina KA, Shchyokina NV, Davydov PA. Pathogenetic aspects of formation of the dezadaptatsionny changes of cardiovascular system mediated by exercise stresses. Bulletin of the Mordovian university. 2016;26(3):336-348. (in Russian)
https://doi.org/10.15507/0236-2910.026.201603.336-348
19. Tupiev ID, Latukhov SV, Shibkova DZ. Physiological effects of using physical loads of different intensity in female students aged 21-23. Theory and Practice of Physical Culture. 2014;10:17.(in Russian)
20. Yusevich YuS. Electromyography in the clinic of nervous diseases. Moscow; 1958. (in Russian)
21. Hogan TS. Exercise-induced reduction in systemic vascular resistance: A covert killer and an unrecognised resuscitation challenge? Medical Hypotheses. 2009;73(4):479-484.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.06.021
22. Trinity JD, Broxterman RM, Richardson RS. Regulation of exercise blood flow: Role of free radicals. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2016;98:90-102.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.017
23. Giuriato G, Pedrinolla A, Schena F, Venturelli M. Muscle cramps: A comparison of the two-leading hypothesis. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2018;41:89-95.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.05.006
24. Moskalenko YuE, Weinstein GB. Development of Current Concepts of Physiology of Cerebral Circulation: A Comparative Analysis.Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2001;37(5):492-506.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014074328113
25. Mulliri G, Sainas G, Magnani S, Roberto S, Ghiani G, Mannoni M, Pinna V, Willis SJ, Millet GP, Doneddu A, Crisafulli A. Effects of exercise in normobaric hypoxia on hemodynamics during muscle metaboreflex activation in normoxia. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2019:1-12.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04103-y
26. Krause DN, Geary GG, McNeill AM, Ospina J, Duckles SP. Impact of hormones on the regulation of cerebral vascular tone. International Congress Series. 2002;1235:395-399.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00211-X
27. Berg RMG. Myogenic and metabolic feedback in cerebral autoregulation: Putative involvement of arachidonic acid-dependent pathways. Medical Hypotheses. 2016;92:12-17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2016.04.024
28. Keijsers JMT, Leguy CAD, Narracott AJ, Rittweger J, Vosse FN, Huberts W. Modeling regulation of vascular tone following muscle contraction: Model development, validation and global sensitivity analysis. Journal of Computational Science. 2018;24:143-159.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2017.04.007
29. Sorond F, Frantz J, Bell K, Hynan L, Purkayastha S, Sabo T. Cerebral vasoreactivity is impaired three month following sports-related concussion in collegiate athletes. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2018;99(11):e130-e131.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2018.08.010
30. Battista AP, Churchill N, Schweizer TA, Rhind SG, Richards D, Baker AJ, Hutchison MG. Blood biomarkers are associated with brain function and blood flow following sport concussion. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2018;319:1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.03.002
31. Sankar SB, Pybus AF, Liew A, Sanders B, Buckley EM. Low cerebral blood flow is a non-invasive biomarker of neuroinflammation after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. Neurobiology of Disease.2019;124:544-554.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.018
32. Olczak M, Niderla-Bielińska J, Kwiatkowska M, Samojłowicz D, Tarka S, Wierzba-Bobrowicz T. Tau protein (MAPT) as a possible biochemical marker of traumatic brain injury in postmortem examination. Forensic Science International. 2017;280:1-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.09.008
33. Bell ED, Donato AJ, Monson KL. Cerebrovascular dysfunction following subfailure axial stretch. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials. 2017;65:627-633.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.09.02
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2019-09-17
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Shevtsov A, Sashenkov S, Shibkova D, Baiguzhin P. Analysis of muscle tone and strength and cerebral blood flow in kickboxers. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports. 2019;23(5):254-61. https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2019.0507
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