THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ON THE LEVEL OF EARLY-SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN’S MOTOR ABILITIES – BLURRING OF DIFFERENCES IN THE ECONOMICALLY UNDERDEVELOPED AREAS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.938188Keywords:
children, motor fitness, status, socialAbstract
Aim: The aim of the study was to determine differences in the level of motor abilities of 7-9-year-old girls and boys in relation to the socioeconomic status of their families . Material and Methods: The research was conducted in 12 primary schools in two regions of Poland namely of Warmia & Mazury and Pomorskie voivodeship, on the total of 1205 pupils (584 boys and 621 girls) aged 7-9. Selected economic factors such as the type of school (public or private), monthly income per household member, and the number of children in a given family were accepted as the independent variables. The factors behind social status included the place of residence and parents’ educational background. In order to determine the level of motor abilities, 13 motor tests were applied. Results: The research revealed that motor tests such as 1 and 3 min. Burpee test and medicine ball throws (forward and backward) appeared to show the biggest differences in the level of motor abilities of the children whose social and economic status varied. The results of these tests as well as those of the shuttle run were significantly higher for the girls from the families of high social status than for the boys of low social status. Social status to a greater extent than economic one differentiated the tested motor abilities, especially in the case of the girls from families marked by high social status, who scored better than boys. The exception is the skipping with clapping of hands – 8 s trial, which differentiated only the tested categories of economic status, especially when referred to the girls. Conclusions: Owing to the small number of significant differences between high and low social and economic status in both sex groups in the motor tests applied, it can be assumed that in the less developed, agriculture and tourism-oriented areas there has occurred blurring of the differences in the level of children’s motor abilities depending on their social and economic status.Downloads
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References
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<p>Wolański N., Tomonari K., Januszko L., Liocheva V., Chung S., Tsushima S. Comparative study on socio-economic and biological properties of families from Bulgaria, Japan, South Korea and Poland. <i>Stud Hum Ecol</i>, 1991, vol.9, pp. 151-166.</p>
<p>Chiolero A., Paradis G., Madeleine G., Hanley J. A., Paccaud F., Bovet P. Discordant secular trends in elevated blood pressure and obesity in children and adolescents in a rapidly developing country. <i>Circulation</i>, 2009, vol.119(4), pp. 558-565.</p>
<p>Prista A., Marques A. T., Maia J.A.R. Relationship Between Physical Activity, Socioeconomic Status, and Physical Fitness of 8 – 15-Year-Old Youth From Mozambique. <em>American Journal</em> <i>of Human</i> <em>Biology</em>, 1997, vol.9, pp. 449-457.</p>
<p>Podstawski R. The level of strength abilities of the first year students of the University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn in 2005/2006. <i>Motor activity people in different ages</i> [Aktywność Ruchowa Ludzi w Różnym Wieku], 2009, vol.13, pp. 434-445.</p>
<p>Scully D., Clarke J. Gender issues in sport participation. In Kremer J., Trew K., Ogle S., eds. <i>Young People’s Involvement in Sport.</i> London, United Kingdom Routledge; 1997, pp. 25-26.</p>
<p>Fisher A., Reilly J., Kelly L., Montgomery C., Williamson A., Paton J.Y., Gran, S. Fundamental movement skills and habitual physical activity in young children. <i>Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise</i>, 2005, vol.37, pp. 684-688.</p>
<p>Stochern M.S., Gordon S.T. Prevention of obesity in young children a critical challenge for medical professionals. <em>Clinical Pediatrics, </em>2003, vol.42, pp. 101-111.</p>
<p>Okely A., Booth M., Patterson J. Relationship of physical activity to fundamental movement skill among adolescents. <em>Medicine</em> & <em>science</em> <i>in</i> <em>sports</em> & <em>exercise</em>, 2001, vol.33, pp. 1899-1904.</p>
<p>Krombholz H. Physical performance in relation to age, sex, social class and sports activities in kindergarten and elementary school. <em>Perceptual motor skills</em>, 1997, vol.84, pp. 1168-1170.</p>
<p>Vandendriessche J.B., Vandorpe B.F., Vaeyens R., Malina R.M., Lefevre J., Lenoir M., Philippaerts R.M. Variation in sport participation, fitness and motor coordination with socioeconomic status among Flemish children. <em>Pediatric exercise science</em>, 2012, vol.24(1), pp. 113-128.</p>
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<p>Podstawski R., Kasietczuk B., Boraczyński T., Boraczyński M., Choszcz D. Relationship Between BMI and Endurance-strength abilities Assessed by the 3 Minute Burpee Test. <em>International Journal of Sports Science</em>, 2013, vol.3(1), pp. 28-35.</p>
<p>Monyeki M.A., Kemper H.C.G. Is there Positive Relationship between Physical fitness and Physical Activity in children? – A Brief Review. <em>Journal</em> <i>of</i><em>Exercise Science</em> <i>and</i> <em>Physiotherapy</em>, 2007, vol.3(1), pp. 12-16.</p>
<p>Bassuk S.S., Manson J.E. Epidemiological evidence for the role of physical activity in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. <em>Journal</em> <i>of</i> <em>Applied Physiology</em>, 2005, vol.99, pp. 1193-1204.</p>
<p>Podstawski R., Borysławski K. Relationships between selected anthropometric features and motor abilities of children aged 7- 9. <em>Clinical Kinesiology</em>, 2012, vol.66(4), pp. 82-90.</p>
<p>Sallis J.F., Bauman A., Pratt, M. Environmental and policy interventions to promote physical activity. <em>American Journal of</em> <i>Preventive</i> <em>Medicine</em>, 1998, vol.15, pp. 379-397.</p>
<p>Powell L.M., Slater S., Chaloupka F.J., Harper D. Availability of Physical Activity – Related Facilities and Neighborhood Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics A National Study. <em>American Journal of Public Health</em>, 2006, vol.96(9), pp. 1676-1680.</p>
<p>Crespo C.J., Smit E., Anderson R.E., Carter-Pokras O., Ainsworth B.E. Race/ethnicity, social class and their relationship to physical activity during leisure time results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. <em>American Journal of</em> <i>Preventive</i> <em>Medicine</em>, 2000, vol.18, pp. 46-53.</p>
<p>Wolański N., Chung S., Czarzasta T., Dickinson F., Harada S., Liocheva V., Seiwa H., Tomonari K., Tsushima S. Family characteristics and offspring growth in various countries. Frequency of various family types in Bulgaria, Japan, Korea, Mexico and Poland. <i>Stud Hum Ecol</i>, 1994, vol.11, pp. 5-11.</p>
<p>Vandendriessche J.B., Vandorpe B.F., Vaeyens R., Malina R.M., Lefevre J., Lenoir M., Philippaerts R.M. Variation in sport participation, fitness and motor coordination with socioeconomic status among Flemish children. <em>Pediatric Exercise Science</em>, 2012, vol.24(1), pp. 113-128.</p>
<p>McVeigh J.A., Norris S.A. Wet T. The relationship between socio-economic status and physical activity patterns in South African children. <i>Acta Paediatrica</i>, 2004, vol.93(7), pp. 982-988.</p>
<p>Sallis J.F., Alcaraz J.E., McKenzie T.L., Melbourne F.H., Kolody B., Nader P.R. Parental Behavior in Relation to Physical Activity and Fitness in 9-Year-Old Children. <i>Archives of</i> <em>Pediatrics</em> & <em>Adolescent Medicine</em>, 1992, vol.146(11), pp. 1383-1388.</p>
<p>Morrissey J.L., Wenthe P.J., Letuchy E.M., Levy S.M., Jan, K.F. Specific Types of Family Support and Adolescent Non-School Physical Activity Levels. <em>Pediatric exercise science</em>, 2012, vol.24(3), pp. 333-346.</p>
<p>Wolański N. Biological Traits of Spouses Socio-Cultural and Economic Context in the Urban and Rural Environments. <i>Stud Hum Ecol</i>, 1992, vol.10, pp. 323-334.</p>
<p>Linenger J.M., Chesson C.V., Nice D.S. Physical fitness gains following simple environmental change. <em>Journal</em> <i>of Preventive</i> <em>Medicine</em>, 1991, vol.7, pp. 298-310.</p>
<p>Chiodera, P., Volta, E., Gobbi, G., Milioli, M. A., Mirandola, P., Bonetti, A., Delsignore, R., Bernascomi, S., Anedda, A., Vitale, M. Specifically designed physical exercise programs improve children’s motor abilities. <em>Scandinavian Journal</em> <i>of</i> <em>Medicine</em> & <em>Science</em> <i>in</i> <em>Sports</em>, 2008, vol.18, pp. 179-187.</p>
<p>Kuepper-Nybelen J., Lamerz A., Bruning N., Hebebrand J., Herpertz-Dahlmann B., Brenner H. Major differences in prevalence of overweight according to nationality in preschool children living in Germany determinants and public health implications<i>. Archives of Disease in Childhood</i>, 2005, vol.90, pp. 359-363.</p>
<p>Garrett K. Sources of hope in chronic illness. <em>Health Sociology Review</em>, 2001, vol.10(2), pp. 99-107.</p>
<p>Malthus Th. <i>An essay on the principle of population</i>, Oxford Press, 1798.</p>
<p>Pilicz S. <i>Measurement of general physical fitness </i>[Pomiar Ogólnej Sprawności Fizycznej]. Studia & Monografie, Warsaw, AWF Press, 1997, vol.65, pp. 100-105.</p>
<p>Krombholz H. The motor and cognitive development of overweight preschool children. <i>Early Years</i>, 2012, vol.32(1), pp. 61-70.</p>
<p>Stodden D. F., Goodway J.D., Langendorfer S. J., Roberton M. A., Rudisill M. E., Garcia C., Garcia L. E. A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity An emergent relationship. <i>QUEST</i>, 2008, vol.60(2), pp. 290-306.</p>
<p>Rowlands A. V. Eston R. G., Ingledew D. K. Relationship between activity levels, aerobic fitness, and body fat in 8- to 10-yr-old children. <em>Journal</em><i>of</i> <em>Applied Physiology</em>, 1999, vol.86, pp. 1428-1435.</p>
<p>Wolański N., Tomonari K., Januszko L., Liocheva V., Chung S., Tsushima S. Comparative study on socio-economic and biological properties of families from Bulgaria, Japan, South Korea and Poland. <i>Stud Hum Ecol</i>, 1991, vol.9, pp. 151-166.</p>
<p>Chiolero A., Paradis G., Madeleine G., Hanley J. A., Paccaud F., Bovet P. Discordant secular trends in elevated blood pressure and obesity in children and adolescents in a rapidly developing country. <i>Circulation</i>, 2009, vol.119(4), pp. 558-565.</p>
<p>Prista A., Marques A. T., Maia J.A.R. Relationship Between Physical Activity, Socioeconomic Status, and Physical Fitness of 8 – 15-Year-Old Youth From Mozambique. <em>American Journal</em> <i>of Human</i> <em>Biology</em>, 1997, vol.9, pp. 449-457.</p>
<p>Podstawski R. The level of strength abilities of the first year students of the University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn in 2005/2006. <i>Motor activity people in different ages</i> [Aktywność Ruchowa Ludzi w Różnym Wieku], 2009, vol.13, pp. 434-445.</p>
<p>Scully D., Clarke J. Gender issues in sport participation. In Kremer J., Trew K., Ogle S., eds. <i>Young People’s Involvement in Sport.</i> London, United Kingdom Routledge; 1997, pp. 25-26.</p>
<p>Fisher A., Reilly J., Kelly L., Montgomery C., Williamson A., Paton J.Y., Gran, S. Fundamental movement skills and habitual physical activity in young children. <i>Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise</i>, 2005, vol.37, pp. 684-688.</p>
<p>Stochern M.S., Gordon S.T. Prevention of obesity in young children a critical challenge for medical professionals. <em>Clinical Pediatrics, </em>2003, vol.42, pp. 101-111.</p>
<p>Okely A., Booth M., Patterson J. Relationship of physical activity to fundamental movement skill among adolescents. <em>Medicine</em> & <em>science</em> <i>in</i> <em>sports</em> & <em>exercise</em>, 2001, vol.33, pp. 1899-1904.</p>
<p>Krombholz H. Physical performance in relation to age, sex, social class and sports activities in kindergarten and elementary school. <em>Perceptual motor skills</em>, 1997, vol.84, pp. 1168-1170.</p>
<p>Vandendriessche J.B., Vandorpe B.F., Vaeyens R., Malina R.M., Lefevre J., Lenoir M., Philippaerts R.M. Variation in sport participation, fitness and motor coordination with socioeconomic status among Flemish children. <em>Pediatric exercise science</em>, 2012, vol.24(1), pp. 113-128.</p>
<p>Astrand P.O., Rodahl K., Dahl H.A., Strömme S.B. <i>Textbook of work Physiology</i>. <i>Physiological Bases of Exercise</i>. Fourth Edition. Ill, Human Kinetics, 2003, 200 p.</p>
<p>Podstawski R., Kasietczuk B., Boraczyński T., Boraczyński M., Choszcz D. Relationship Between BMI and Endurance-strength abilities Assessed by the 3 Minute Burpee Test. <em>International Journal of Sports Science</em>, 2013, vol.3(1), pp. 28-35.</p>
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2014-03-28
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Podstawski R, Borysławski K, Kajmowicz B. THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ON THE LEVEL OF EARLY-SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN’S MOTOR ABILITIES – BLURRING OF DIFFERENCES IN THE ECONOMICALLY UNDERDEVELOPED AREAS. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports. 2014;18(3):96-102. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.938188
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