Problems of safety and risk in physical education
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.1013Keywords:
physical education, children, safety, riskAbstract
Purpose: One of the methodology issues in Physical Education is providing children with safety. The purpose of this work is to present basic concepts of safety at Physical Education classes. Material & Methods: The issues connected with safety at classes of Physical Education have been discussed in the subsections, each of which focuses on different concepts such as: legal safety regulations, causes of hazards, theoretical models of preventing hazards at P.E. classes, nutrition programs related to exercise’s fulfillment, prevention of heat disorders and dehydration. Results: According to experts’ opinion, the causes of safety hazards at P.E. classes can be divided into three groups: caused by instructor, caused by a student, and finally hazards technical in nature. The number of accidents during P.E. classes is still substantial, and among most common hazards there are the following: fractures of upper and lower limbs, dislocations, contusions, tendonitis, muscle tear and cuts. Curiously, boys experience such injuries more frequently than girls. Conclusions: Even though safety rules at Physical Education classes are defined by specific regulations, children’s absolute safety is never guaranteed. In order to diminish the number of misadventures, instructor is obliged not only to adhere to the norms but also to teach children to safety rules.Downloads
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References
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<p>Jones AM, Haramizu S, Ranchordas M, Burke LM, Stear SJ, Castell L. M. A-Z of nutritional supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance. Part 27. <i>British Journal of Sports Medicine</i>. 2011;45: 1246-48.</p>
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<p>Kaufman LB, Schilling DL. Implementation of a strength Training Program for a 5-Year-Old Child with Poor Body Awareness and Development Coordination Disorder. <i>Physical Therapy</i>. 2007; 87(4): 455-67.</p>
<p>Klimczak J, Podstawski R, Dobosz D. The association of sport and violence, aggression and aggressiveness – prospects for education about non-aggression and reduction of aggressiveness. <i>Archives of Budo</i>. 2014; 10: 273-86.</p>
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<p>Kovacs EMR, Brouns F. Nutritional and physiological aspects of exercise – induced dehydration and rehydration. <i>Medicina Sportiva</i>. 1997; 1(1): 27-36.</p>
<p>Law RY, Herbert RD. Warm-up reduces delayed-onset muscle soreness but cool-down does not: a randomized controlled trial. <i>Australian Journal of Physiotherapy</i>. 2007; 53(2): 91-5.</p>
<p>Makarowski R. Aggressiveness in sport – measurement method. <i>Journal of Physical Education and Spor</i>t. 2013; 13(3): 278-82.</p>
<p>Martinez-Lopez E, Sanchez MZ, Alvarez MR, Cruz MT. Self-efficacy expectations in teacher trainees and the perceived role of schools and their physical education department in the educational treatment of overweight students. <i>European Physical Education Review</i>. 2001; 16(3): 251-66.</p>
<p>Maughan RJ, Burke LM. Practical nutrition recommendations for the athlete. In: Maughan RJ, Burke LM, editors. <i>Sports Nutrition: More Than Just Calories – Triggers for Adaptation </i>Switzerland: Nestec Ltd., Vevey and S. Karger AG, Basel; 2011. p. 131-149.</p>
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<p>Mosston M, Ashworth S. <i>Teaching physical education (5<sup>th</sup> edition)</i>. London: Benjamin Cummings; 2002.</p>
<p>National Electronic Injury Surveillance System – NEISS. <i>Injury statistics</i>. Washington, DC: Consumer Products Safety Commission; 2001.</p>
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<p>Olszowski A. Bezpieczeństwo na zajęciach ruchowych [Safety during sport classes]. In: A. Maszczak A, editor. <i>Metodyka Wychowania Fizycznego </i>[The Methodology of Physical Education]. Warszawa: AWF Press; 1992. p. 161-173. (in Polish)</p>
<p>Orunaboka TT, Nwankwo GO. (2011) Safety Precautions in the Teaching of Adapted Physical Education in Primary and Post Primary Schools in Rivers State of Nigeria. <i>International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences</i>. 2011; 1(3): 119-26.</p>
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<p>Ostrowska M. Przedmiotowe uwarunkowania wypadkowości szkolnej [Subject determinants of school accidents]. <i>Wychowanie Fizyczne i Zdrowotne</i>. 2005; 4: 12-5. (in Polish)</p>
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2015-10-28
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Podstawski R, Zwolinska D, Nowosielska-Swadzba D. Problems of safety and risk in physical education. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports. 2015;19(10):82-9. https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.1013
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