Can polish university female students swim?
Abstract
Background and aim of the work: There are only few studies in Polish and foreign literature providing solid information on swimming skills of university students. The aim of the study carried out at the University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn was to determine swimming skills of Polish university female students starting their studies. Material and methods: The study was conducted in 2012 on 298 female students of the 1 st year course, at the age of 19 - 20. Anonymous questionnaire was used in the research. Results: It has been shown that almost 72% of the women could not swim at all, and 26% swam poorly. Within the group of women able to swim, the greatest percentage was set by women using classical style (49%) and their own one (27%) and only 13% of the students used crawl, 9% - back stroke and 2% - butterfly style. Of all the women declaring swimming abilities, the biggest percentage (16%) could cover the distance of only 20 - 50 m; fewer students (6%) covered the distance of 50 - 100 m; and 5% could swim only 20 m. Only a marginal number of students (2%) could cover the distance from 100 to 1000 m; none could swim more than 1000 m. Conclusions: The study showed a very pessimistic picture of swimming skills of Polish university female students in respect of the number of women able to swim, their knowledge of swimming styles, and the length of the covered distance.Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
<p>Aguiló E., Alegre J., Sard M. The persistence of the sun and sand tourism model. <i>Tourism Management.</i> 2005, vol.26, pp. 219-231.</p>
<p>Bartles E.M., Lund H., Hagen K.B., Dagfinrud H., Christensen R., Danneskiold-Samsøe B. Aquatic Exercise for the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis. <i>Cochrane Database</i> <em>Syst Rev</em><i>.</i> 2007, vol.4, pp. 1-9.</p>
<p>Berger B.G., Owen D.R. Mood alteration with yoga and swimming: aerobic exercise may not be necessary. <i>Perceptual and</i> <em>Motor Skills.</em>1992, vol.75(3 Pt 2), pp. 1331-1343.</p>
<p>Broman G., Quintana N., Engardt M., Gulstrand L., Jansson E., Kaijser L. Older women’s cardiovascular responses to deep-water running. <i>JAMA.</i> 2006, vol.14, pp. 29-40.</p>
<p>Chase N.L., Sui X., Blair S.N. Swimming and all-cause mortality risk compared with running, walking, and sedentary habits in men. <i>International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education. </i>2008, vol.2(3), pp. 213-223.</p>
<p>Chodoła A. The usefulness of methods of diagnosis swimming skills from the perspective of the needs of military [Przydatność metod diagnozowania umiejętności pływackich z perspektywy potrzeb militarnych]. <i>The Polish Aviation Medicine</i> [Polski Przegląd Medycyny Lotniczej], 2009, vol.2, pp. 143-153.</p>
<p>Church T.S., Earnest C.P., Skinner J.S., Blair S.N. Effects of Different Doses of Physical Activity on Cardiorespiratory Fitness Among Sedentary, Overweight or Obese Postmenopausal Women With elevated Blood Pressure. <i>JAMA.</i> 2007, vol.297(19), pp. 2081-2091.</p>
<p>Cider A., Svealv B.G., Tang M.S., Schaufelberger M., Andersson B. Immersion in warm water induces improvement in cardiac function in patients with chronic heart failure. <i>European Journal of Heart Failure.</i> 2006, vol.8(3), pp. 308-313.</p>
<p>Flynn M.L., Costill D.L., Kirwan J.P., Mitchell J.B., Houmard J.A., Fink W.J., Beltz J.D., D’Acquisto L.J. Fat storage in athletes: metabolic and hormonal responses to swimming and running. <i>International Journal of Sports Medicine.</i> 1990, vol.11, pp. 433-440.</p>
<p>Gowans S.E., de Hueck A. Pool exercise for individuals with fibromyalgia. Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2007, vol.19(2), pp. 168-173.</p>
<p>Gwinup G. Weight loss without dietary restriction: Efficacy of different forms of aerobic exercise. <em>American Journal of Sports Medicine. </em>1987, vol.15(3), pp. 275-279.</p>
<p>Hall J., Skevington S.M., Maddison P.J., Chapman K. A randomized and controlled trial of hydrotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. <em>Arthritis Care</em> & <em>Research. </em>1996, vol.9(3), pp. 206-215.</p>
<p>Hartmann S., Bung P. Physical Exercise during pregnancy-physiological considerations and recommendations. <em>Journal</em> <i>of</i> <em>Perinatal Medicine</em>. 1999, vol.27(3), pp. 204-215.</p>
<p>Hubbard R. U.S. Swimming Pool Industry Experiences Downturn in 2007. <i>Pool and Spa Marketing.</i> 2009, vol.24(7), pp. 12-13.</p>
<p>Jang K.T., Flynn M.G., Costill D.L., Kirwan J.P., Houmard J.A., Mitchell J.B., D’Acquisto L.J. Energy balance in competitive swimmers and runners. <em>Journal</em> <i>of</i> <em>Swimming</em> <i>Research</i>. 1987, vol.3, pp. 19-23.</p>
<p>Laughlin T., Delves J. <i>Total immersion: The revolutionary way to swim better, faster, and easier.</i> Fireside, New York 10020 USA. 2004, 200 p.</p>
<p>Lisicki T. <i>First year students of medical universities compared with healthy lifestyle requirements</i>. Gdańsk; AWFiS Press. 2006, 160 p.</p>
<p>Lotshaw A.M., Thompson M., Sadowsky S., Hart M.K., Millard M.W. Quality of life and physical performance in land – and water – based pulmonary rehabilitation. <i>European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and</i> <em>Rehabilitation. </em>2007, vol.27, pp. 247-251.</p>
<p>Mactavish J.B., Schleien S.J. Re-injecting spontaneity and balance in family life: parents’ perspectives on recreation in families that include children with developmental disability. <em>Journal</em> <i>of</i> <em>Intellectual Disability</em> <i>Research</i>. 2004, vol.48(Pt 2), pp. 123-141.</p>
<p>Nowak E. <i>Outline of econometric methods.</i> Warsaw. PWN. 2002, 200 p.</p>
<p>Podstawski R. <i>Physical ability and opinions on health prevention among the 1<sup>st</sup> year students at the University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn in academic year 1999/2000</i>. Olsztyn; UWM Press. 2006, 100 p.</p>
<p>Podstawski, R. Pro-health attitudes among the 1<sup>st</sup> grade female students at the University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn (2001/2002). <i>Physical activity of people of all ages </i>[Aktywność Ruchowa Ludzi w Różnym Wieku], 2012, vol.16, pp. 187-199.</p>
<p>Recreation in Japan. Surfing, Gateball, High Tech Machines, Swimming, Hunting and Marathon Running<i>.</i> Taken from: factsanddetails.com-Japan <i>Recreation</i>, 2011, vol.11, pp. 20-25..</p>
<p>Rotstein A., Harush M., Vaisman N. The effect of water exercise program on bone density of posmenopausal women. <i>The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness</i>. 2008, vol.48(3), pp. 352-395.</p>
<p>Sato D., Kaneda K., Wakabayashi H., Nomura T. The water exercise improves health-related quality of life of frail elderly people at day service facility. <i>Quality of Life Research. </i>2007, vol.16, pp. 1577-1585.</p>
<p>Stanisz A. <i>Practical course in statistics with STATISTICA PL using examples from medicine</i>. Cracow. StatSoft Polska. 2008, 104 p.</p>
<p>Starosta W. How one should understand the biological minimum of daily movement and how important it is for the human health? <i>Physical activity of people of all ages </i>[Aktywność Ruchowa Ludzi w Różnym Wieku], 2010, vol.14, pp. 49-65.</p>
<p>Tomas-Carus P., Gusi N., Hakkinen A., Leal A., Ortega-Alonso A. Eight months of physical training in warm water improves physical and mental health in women with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. <i>Journal of Rehabilitation </i><em>Medicine.</em> 2008, vol.40(4), pp. 248-252.</p>
<p>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. <i>2008 Physical Activity guidelines for Americans: Be active, healthy, and happy!</i> in Chapter 2: Physical activity has Many Health Benefits. Last verified on December 23, 2009, 68 p.</p>
<p>United States Census Bureau. (2011). <i>2010 Statistical abstract of the United States. Recreation and leisure activities: participation in selected sports activities 2008</i>, 72 p.</p>
<p>Westby M.D. A health professional’s guide to exercise prescription for people with arthritis: a review of aerobic fitness activities. <em>Arthritis Care</em> & <em>Research. </em>2001, vol.45(6), pp. 501-5011.</p>
<p>White L.J., Dressendorfer R.H., Holland E., McCoy S.C., Ferguson M.A. Increased caloric intake soon after in cold water. <em>International Journal of Sport Nutrition</em> and <em>Exercise Metabolism.</em> 2005, vol.15, pp. 34-40.</p>
<p>Zieliński R. & Zieliński W. <i>Statistical tables</i> [Tablice statystyczne]. Warszaw, Foundation for Development SGGW Press. 2001, 48 p.</p>
<p>Bartles E.M., Lund H., Hagen K.B., Dagfinrud H., Christensen R., Danneskiold-Samsøe B. Aquatic Exercise for the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis. <i>Cochrane Database</i> <em>Syst Rev</em><i>.</i> 2007, vol.4, pp. 1-9.</p>
<p>Berger B.G., Owen D.R. Mood alteration with yoga and swimming: aerobic exercise may not be necessary. <i>Perceptual and</i> <em>Motor Skills.</em>1992, vol.75(3 Pt 2), pp. 1331-1343.</p>
<p>Broman G., Quintana N., Engardt M., Gulstrand L., Jansson E., Kaijser L. Older women’s cardiovascular responses to deep-water running. <i>JAMA.</i> 2006, vol.14, pp. 29-40.</p>
<p>Chase N.L., Sui X., Blair S.N. Swimming and all-cause mortality risk compared with running, walking, and sedentary habits in men. <i>International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education. </i>2008, vol.2(3), pp. 213-223.</p>
<p>Chodoła A. The usefulness of methods of diagnosis swimming skills from the perspective of the needs of military [Przydatność metod diagnozowania umiejętności pływackich z perspektywy potrzeb militarnych]. <i>The Polish Aviation Medicine</i> [Polski Przegląd Medycyny Lotniczej], 2009, vol.2, pp. 143-153.</p>
<p>Church T.S., Earnest C.P., Skinner J.S., Blair S.N. Effects of Different Doses of Physical Activity on Cardiorespiratory Fitness Among Sedentary, Overweight or Obese Postmenopausal Women With elevated Blood Pressure. <i>JAMA.</i> 2007, vol.297(19), pp. 2081-2091.</p>
<p>Cider A., Svealv B.G., Tang M.S., Schaufelberger M., Andersson B. Immersion in warm water induces improvement in cardiac function in patients with chronic heart failure. <i>European Journal of Heart Failure.</i> 2006, vol.8(3), pp. 308-313.</p>
<p>Flynn M.L., Costill D.L., Kirwan J.P., Mitchell J.B., Houmard J.A., Fink W.J., Beltz J.D., D’Acquisto L.J. Fat storage in athletes: metabolic and hormonal responses to swimming and running. <i>International Journal of Sports Medicine.</i> 1990, vol.11, pp. 433-440.</p>
<p>Gowans S.E., de Hueck A. Pool exercise for individuals with fibromyalgia. Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2007, vol.19(2), pp. 168-173.</p>
<p>Gwinup G. Weight loss without dietary restriction: Efficacy of different forms of aerobic exercise. <em>American Journal of Sports Medicine. </em>1987, vol.15(3), pp. 275-279.</p>
<p>Hall J., Skevington S.M., Maddison P.J., Chapman K. A randomized and controlled trial of hydrotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. <em>Arthritis Care</em> & <em>Research. </em>1996, vol.9(3), pp. 206-215.</p>
<p>Hartmann S., Bung P. Physical Exercise during pregnancy-physiological considerations and recommendations. <em>Journal</em> <i>of</i> <em>Perinatal Medicine</em>. 1999, vol.27(3), pp. 204-215.</p>
<p>Hubbard R. U.S. Swimming Pool Industry Experiences Downturn in 2007. <i>Pool and Spa Marketing.</i> 2009, vol.24(7), pp. 12-13.</p>
<p>Jang K.T., Flynn M.G., Costill D.L., Kirwan J.P., Houmard J.A., Mitchell J.B., D’Acquisto L.J. Energy balance in competitive swimmers and runners. <em>Journal</em> <i>of</i> <em>Swimming</em> <i>Research</i>. 1987, vol.3, pp. 19-23.</p>
<p>Laughlin T., Delves J. <i>Total immersion: The revolutionary way to swim better, faster, and easier.</i> Fireside, New York 10020 USA. 2004, 200 p.</p>
<p>Lisicki T. <i>First year students of medical universities compared with healthy lifestyle requirements</i>. Gdańsk; AWFiS Press. 2006, 160 p.</p>
<p>Lotshaw A.M., Thompson M., Sadowsky S., Hart M.K., Millard M.W. Quality of life and physical performance in land – and water – based pulmonary rehabilitation. <i>European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and</i> <em>Rehabilitation. </em>2007, vol.27, pp. 247-251.</p>
<p>Mactavish J.B., Schleien S.J. Re-injecting spontaneity and balance in family life: parents’ perspectives on recreation in families that include children with developmental disability. <em>Journal</em> <i>of</i> <em>Intellectual Disability</em> <i>Research</i>. 2004, vol.48(Pt 2), pp. 123-141.</p>
<p>Nowak E. <i>Outline of econometric methods.</i> Warsaw. PWN. 2002, 200 p.</p>
<p>Podstawski R. <i>Physical ability and opinions on health prevention among the 1<sup>st</sup> year students at the University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn in academic year 1999/2000</i>. Olsztyn; UWM Press. 2006, 100 p.</p>
<p>Podstawski, R. Pro-health attitudes among the 1<sup>st</sup> grade female students at the University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn (2001/2002). <i>Physical activity of people of all ages </i>[Aktywność Ruchowa Ludzi w Różnym Wieku], 2012, vol.16, pp. 187-199.</p>
<p>Recreation in Japan. Surfing, Gateball, High Tech Machines, Swimming, Hunting and Marathon Running<i>.</i> Taken from: factsanddetails.com-Japan <i>Recreation</i>, 2011, vol.11, pp. 20-25..</p>
<p>Rotstein A., Harush M., Vaisman N. The effect of water exercise program on bone density of posmenopausal women. <i>The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness</i>. 2008, vol.48(3), pp. 352-395.</p>
<p>Sato D., Kaneda K., Wakabayashi H., Nomura T. The water exercise improves health-related quality of life of frail elderly people at day service facility. <i>Quality of Life Research. </i>2007, vol.16, pp. 1577-1585.</p>
<p>Stanisz A. <i>Practical course in statistics with STATISTICA PL using examples from medicine</i>. Cracow. StatSoft Polska. 2008, 104 p.</p>
<p>Starosta W. How one should understand the biological minimum of daily movement and how important it is for the human health? <i>Physical activity of people of all ages </i>[Aktywność Ruchowa Ludzi w Różnym Wieku], 2010, vol.14, pp. 49-65.</p>
<p>Tomas-Carus P., Gusi N., Hakkinen A., Leal A., Ortega-Alonso A. Eight months of physical training in warm water improves physical and mental health in women with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. <i>Journal of Rehabilitation </i><em>Medicine.</em> 2008, vol.40(4), pp. 248-252.</p>
<p>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. <i>2008 Physical Activity guidelines for Americans: Be active, healthy, and happy!</i> in Chapter 2: Physical activity has Many Health Benefits. Last verified on December 23, 2009, 68 p.</p>
<p>United States Census Bureau. (2011). <i>2010 Statistical abstract of the United States. Recreation and leisure activities: participation in selected sports activities 2008</i>, 72 p.</p>
<p>Westby M.D. A health professional’s guide to exercise prescription for people with arthritis: a review of aerobic fitness activities. <em>Arthritis Care</em> & <em>Research. </em>2001, vol.45(6), pp. 501-5011.</p>
<p>White L.J., Dressendorfer R.H., Holland E., McCoy S.C., Ferguson M.A. Increased caloric intake soon after in cold water. <em>International Journal of Sport Nutrition</em> and <em>Exercise Metabolism.</em> 2005, vol.15, pp. 34-40.</p>
<p>Zieliński R. & Zieliński W. <i>Statistical tables</i> [Tablice statystyczne]. Warszaw, Foundation for Development SGGW Press. 2001, 48 p.</p>
Downloads
Published
2013-06-28
How to Cite
1.
Podstawski R, Boraczynska S, Skibniewska K, Kolankowska E. Can polish university female students swim?. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports. 2013;17(6):69-73.
Issue
License
Copyright Holder - Author(s).
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: more
Statistics
Abstract views: 158 / PDF downloads: 91
