The relationship between the motor skills level and the severity of autism disorder in children with autism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2021.0108Keywords:
Autism, motor skills, fine motor skills, gross motor skillsAbstract
Background and Study Aim. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of fine and gross motor skills and motor proficiency with the severity of autism disorder in children with autism. Material and Methods. 68 children with autism, ranged from 3-16 years old, were selected. Motor Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) was used to assess fine and gross motor skills and motor proficiency. Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2 (GARS-2) test was also used for assessing the severity of autism disorder in the participants. Results. The obtained results from the Pearson correlation test showed that there was a significant and negative relationship between sub-scales of GARS-2 and MABC-2 tests (P<0.05). It means that decreasing the level of motor skills increases the autism severity. The results of the regression test also showed that only the total score of motor proficiency among microscales of the MABC-2 test could predict the stereotypes, social skills, communication skills, and autism severity (P<0.05). Conclusion. The results of the current study indicated the pivotal role of motor skills growth in determining the level of autism disorder. It also emphasized on embedding motor interventions in rehabilitation programs of such people.References
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2934-y
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https://doi.org/10.1007/SpringerReference_179660
2. McPhillips M, Finlay J, Bejerot S, Hanley M. Motor deficits in children with autism spectrum disorder: A cross‐syndrome study. Autism Research. 2014;7(6):664–76.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1408
3. Ament K, Mejia A, Buhlman R, Erklin S, Caffo B, Mostofsky S, et al. Evidence for specificity of motor impairments in catching and balance in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2015;45(3):742–51.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2229-0
4. Lane A, Harpster K, Heathcock J. Motor characteristics of young children referred for possible autism spectrum disorder. Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2012;24(1):21–9.
https://doi.org/10.1097/pep.0b013e31823e071a
5. Dufek JS, Eggleston JD, Harry JR, Hickman RA. A comparative evaluation of gait between children with autism and typically developing matched controls. Medical Sciences. 2017;5(1):1.
https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci5010001
6. Morris SL, Foster CJ, Parsons R, Falkmer M, Falkmer T, Rosalie SM. Differences in the use of vision and proprioception for postural control in autism spectrum disorder. Neuroscience. 2015;307:273–80.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.040
7. Fournier KA, Hass CJ, Naik SK, Lodha N, Cauraugh JH. Motor coordination in autism spectrum disorders: a synthesis and meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2010;40(10):1227–40.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0981-3
8. Arabameri E, Sotoodeh MS. Early developmental delay in children with autism: a study from a developing country. Infant Behavior and Development. 2015;39:118–23.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.02.017
9. Thelen E. Dynamic systems theory and the complexity of change. Psychoanalytic Dialogues. 2005;15(2):255–83.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10481881509348831
10. Whittingham K, Fahey M, Rawicki B, Boyd R. The relationship between motor abilities and early social development in a preschool cohort of children with cerebral palsy. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2010;31(6):1346–51.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.07.006
11. Bar‐Haim Y, Bart O. Motor function and social participation in kindergarten children. Social Development. 2006;15(2):296–310.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2006.00342.x
12. MacDonald M, Lord C, Ulrich DA. Motor skills and calibrated autism severity in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Adapted Physical activity Quarterly. 2014;31(2):95–105.
https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2013-0068
13. Travers BG, Powell PS, Klinger LG, Klinger MR. Motor difficulties in autism spectrum disorder: linking symptom severity and postural stability. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2013;43(7):1568–83.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1702-x
14. Colombo-Dougovito AM, Reeve RE. Exploring the interaction of motor and social skills with autism severity using the SFARI dataset. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2017;124(2):413–24.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516689198
15. Pusponegoro HD, Efar P, Soebadi A, Firmansyah A, Chen H-J, Hung K-L. Gross motor profile and its association with socialization skills in children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics & Neonatology. 2016;57(6):501–7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2016.02.004
16. Hirata S, Okuzumi H, Kitajima Y, Hosobuchi T, Nakai A, Kokubun M. Relationship between motor skill and social impairment in children with autism spectrum disorders. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities. 2014;60(4):251–6.
https://doi.org/10.1179/2047387713y.0000000033
17. Pandolfi V, Magyar CI, Dill CA. Constructs assessed by the GARS-2: factor analysis of data from the standardization sample. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2010;40(9):1118–30.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0967-1
18. Ahmadi SJ, Safari T, Hematian M, Khalili Z. Investiagting the Psychometric Indicators of Autism Diagnostic Test (GARS) (Isfahan Autism Children Education and Rehabilitation Center). Cognitive and Behavioral Research. 2011;1(1):87–104.
19. Brown T, Lalor A. The movement assessment battery for children—second edition (MABC-2): a review and critique. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics. 2009;29(1):86–103.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01942630802574908
20. Mody M, Shui A, Nowinski L, Golas S, Ferrone C, O’Rourke J, et al. Communication deficits and the motor system: exploring patterns of associations in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2017;47(1):155–62.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2934-y
21. Ajzenman HF, Standeven JW, Shurtleff TL. Effect of hippotherapy on motor control, adaptive behaviors, and participation in children with autism spectrum disorder: a pilot study. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2013;67(6):653–63.
https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2013.008383
22. Holloway JM, Long TM, Biasini F. Relationships Between Gross Motor Skills and Social Function in Young Boys With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 2018:1.
https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0000000000000505
23. Ennis E. The effects of a physical therapy-directed aquatic program on children with autism. Journal of Aquatic Physical Therapy. 2011;19(1):4–10.
24. Organization WH. International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: Children & Youth Version: ICF-CY. World Health Organization; 2007.
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Published
2021-02-25
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Barrodi sedehi AA, Ghasemi A, Kashi A, Azimzadeh E. The relationship between the motor skills level and the severity of autism disorder in children with autism. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports. 2021;25(1):58-65. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2021.0108
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