The impact of chronotype on VO2max in university students at two different times of the day

Moazzam Hussain Khan; Saurabh Sharma; Mohammed Essa Alsubaiei; Ahmad Sahely; Shibili Nuhmani

doi:10.15561/26649837.2023.0507

Authors

Moazzam Hussain Khan Jamia Millia islamia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6330-2618
Saurabh Sharma Jamia Millia Islamia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9659-360X
Mohammed Essa Alsubaiei Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0608-1166
Ahmad Sahely Jazan University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1833-5258
Shibili Nuhmani Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-5113

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2023.0507

Keywords:

Chronotype, VO2max, morning type, Evening type, morningness-eveningness questionnaire

Abstract

Background and Study Aim. To choose the ideal training or performance times, it is crucial to assess VO2 max performance across different time-of-day particular chronotypes. This study aimed to investigate the differences in VO2 max between the chronotype of university students during the morning and evening time of the day. Material and Methods. Fifty-two university students (26 morning type and 26 evening type) with mean age 23.05± 2.07 years, weight 66.71±4.31Kg and height of 170.90±5.18 cm and BMI of 22.75±1.91kg/m2 were recruited based on the results of the Horne-Ostberg Morningness- Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQs) participated in this Cross-over study. VO2 max was measured directly by gas collected using mouth tube breath to breath through the use of the gas analyzer the AD instrument (model-ML206) with an incremental graded maximal exercise test done on the treadmill. Results. The morning type group's VO2 max was significantly better in the morning hour than it was in the evening (p=.013), and when the VO2 max of the evening type group was measured in the morning and evening hours and compared, there was a statistically significant difference in favour of the evening hours (p=.004). Additionally, there is no discernible difference between the VO2 max of the morning type and the evening type group either in the morning hours or the evening hours, but trends indicate that the morning type group has a higher VO2max in the morning hour and the same is true for the evening type group in the evening hour. Conclusion. The findings of this study showed an interaction between chronotype and time of the day in VO2 max. For endurance training, trainers should consider the individual's chronotype and time of the day for exercise prescription.

Author Biographies

Moazzam Hussain Khan, Jamia Millia islamia

Assistant Professor;mkhan47@jmi.ac.in; Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences; New Delhi, India.

Saurabh Sharma, Jamia Millia Islamia

ssharma@jmi.ac.in; Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences; New Delhi, India.

Mohammed Essa Alsubaiei, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University

msubaiei@iau.edu.sa; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences; Dammam, Saudi Arabia.

Ahmad Sahely, Jazan University

sahely327@hotmail.com; School of Sports, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham (Birmingham, United Kingdom); Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Physiotherapy Department, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.

Shibili Nuhmani, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University

Assistant Professor; snuhmani@iau.edu.sa; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences; Dammam, Saudi Arabia.

References

Roenneberg T. What is chronotype?: Preface. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 2012;10(2): 75–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8425.2012.00541.x

Lundby C, Montero D, Joyner M. Biology of VO 2 max: looking under the physiology lamp. Acta Physiologica, 2017;220(2): 218–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12827

Buttar KK, Saboo N, Kacker S. A review: Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and its estimation methods. IJPESH, 2019; 6:24–32.

Poole DC, Jones AM. Oxygen Uptake Kinetics. In: Prakash YS (ed.) Comprehensive Physiology, 1st ed. Wiley; 2012. P. 933–996. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c100072

Łubkowska W, Troszczyński J. The assessment of aerobic physical capacity in young swimmers. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 2013; 2:21–29.

Armstrong N. Youth Aerobic Fitness. Pediatric Exercise Science, 2019;31(2): 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2019-0039

Mountjoy M, Andersen LB, Armstrong N, Biddle S, Boreham C, Bedenbeck HPB, et al. International Olympic Committee consensus statement on the health and fitness of young people through physical activity and sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2011;45(11): 839–848. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090228

Held S, Behringer M, Donath L. Low intensity rowing with blood flow restriction over 5 weeks increases V̇O2max in elite rowers: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2020;23(3): 304–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.10.002

Laukkanen JA, Kunutsor SK. Fitness and reduced risk of hypertension—approaching causality. Journal of Human Hypertension, 2021;35(11): 943–945. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-021-00545-0

Caldwell JA, Caldwell JL, Thompson LA, Lieberman HR. Fatigue and its management in the workplace. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2019;96: 272–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.024

Zordan M, Costa R, Macino G, Fukuhara C, Tosini G. Circadian clocks: what makes them tick? Chronobiology International, 2000;17(4): 433–451. https://doi.org/10.1081/CBI-100101056

Chtourou H, Souissi N. The Effect of Training at a Specific Time of Day: A Review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2012;26(7): 1984–2005. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825770a7

Brisswalter J, Bieuzen F, Giacomoni M, Tricot V, Falgairette G. Morning‐to‐Evening Differences in Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Short‐Duration Cycling Exercise. Chronobiology International, 2007;24(3): 495–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420520701420691

Carter H, Jones AM, Maxwell NS, Doust JH. The effect of interdian and diurnal variation on oxygen uptake kinetics during treadmill running. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2002;20(11): 901–909. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102320761796

Chtourou H, Hammouda O, Souissi H, Chamari K, Chaouachi A, Souissi N. Diurnal Variations in Physical Performances Related to Football in Young Soccer Players. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 2012;3(3). https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.34604

Torii J, Shinkai S, Hino S, Kurokawa Y, Tomita N, Hirose M, et al. Effect of time of day on adaptive response to a 4-week aerobic exercise program. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 1992;32(4): 348–352.

Vitale JA, Bjoerkesett E, Campana A, Panizza G, Weydahl A. Chronotype and response to training during the polar night: a pilot study. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 2017;76(1): 1320919. https://doi.org/10.1080/22423982.2017.1320919

Reilly T, Baxter C. Influence of time of day on reactions to cycling at a fixed high intensity. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 1983;17(2): 128–130. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.17.2.128

Faria BIE, Drummond BJ. Circadian changes in resting heart rate and body temperature, maximal oxygen consumption and perceived exertion. Ergonomics, 1982;25(5): 381–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138208925004

Horne JA, Ӧstberg O. Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1037/t02254-000

Lehmler HJ, Gadogbe M, Liu B, Bao W. Environmental tin exposure in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults and children: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2014. Environmental Pollution, 2018;240: 599–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.019

Dupont G, Akakpo K, Berthoin S. The Effect of In-Season, High-Intensity Interval Training in Soccer Players: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2004;18(3): 584–589. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200408000-00034

Hautala AJ, Mäkikallio TH, Kiviniemi A, Laukkanen RT, Nissilä S, Huikuri HV, et al. Cardiovascular autonomic function correlates with the response to aerobic training in healthy sedentary subjects. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 2003;285(4): H1747–H1752. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00202.2003

Hill DW, Cureton KJ, Collins MA, Grisham SC. Diurnal variations in responses to exercise of "morning types" and "evening types". J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 1988; 28:213–219.

Facer-Childs E, Brandstaetter R. The Impact of Circadian Phenotype and Time since Awakening on Diurnal Performance in Athletes. Current Biology, 2015;25(4): 518–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.036

Wung Burgoon P, Holland GJ, Loy SF, Vincent WJ. A Comparison of Morning and Evening “Types” During Maximum Exercise: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 1992;6(2): 115–119. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-199205000-00009

Knaier R, Infanger D, Niemeyer M, Cajochen C, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. In Athletes, the Diurnal Variations in Maximum Oxygen Uptake Are More Than Twice as Large as the Day-to-Day Variations. Frontiers in Physiology, 2019;10: 219. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00219

Tamm AS, Lagerquist O, Ley AL, Collins DF. Chronotype Influences Diurnal Variations in the Excitability of the Human Motor Cortex and the Ability to Generate Torque during a Maximum Voluntary Contraction. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 2009;24(3): 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730409334135

Sugawara J, Hamada Y, Nishijima T, Matsuda M. Diurnal Variations of Post-exercise Parasympathetic Nervous Reactivation in Different Chronotypes. Japanese Heart Journal, 2001;42(2): 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1536/jhj.42.163

Kunorozva L, Stephenson KJ, Rae DE, Roden LC. Chronotype and PERIOD3 Variable Number Tandem Repeat Polymorphism in Individual Sports Athletes. Chronobiology International, 2012;29(8): 1004–1010. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2012.719966

Brown FM, Neft EE, LaJambe CM. Collegiate rowing crew performance varies by morningness-eveningness. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2008; 22:1894–1900. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318187534c

Rae DE, Stephenson KJ, Roden LC. Factors to consider when assessing diurnal variation in sports performance: the influence of chronotype and habitual training time-of-day. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2015; 115:1339–1349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3109-9