The Linear and nonlinear programming: effects on the physical abilities of young basketball players

Taufiq Hidayah; Andry Akhiruyanto; Sri Haryono; Dewangga Yudhistira

doi:10.15561/26649837.2024.0404

Authors

Taufiq Hidayah Universitas Negeri Semarang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9732-9624
Andry Akhiruyanto Universitas Negeri Semarang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9567-7046
Sri Haryono Universitas Negeri Semarang https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0266-8882
Dewangga Yudhistira Universitas Negeri Semarang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4194-1283

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2024.0404

Keywords:

linear, nonlinear, programming, physical abilities, young basketball players

Abstract

Background and Study Aim. Linear and nonlinear programming are methods used to control intensity and volume in sports training. Despite their widespread application, there is a lack of evidence-based studies that directly compare the effects of linear versus nonlinear programming. This study aims to assess the effect of linear and nonlinear programming on improving the power, agility, and endurance of young basketball players. Material and Methods. This study employs a two-group pretest-posttest experimental design. It included 40 male basketball players aged 16-18, with weights ranging from 60 to 77 kg and heights from 167 to 180 cm. Participants were divided into two groups based on their ordinal pairings. The instruments used in this study were the jump DF, lane agility, and multistage fitness tests. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests, with the assistance of SPSS 23. Results. The pretest-posttest findings for both the linear and nonlinear programming groups showed significant improvements in power, speed, and endurance, with Asymptotic Significance (Asymp.sig) 2-tailed values of less than 0.05. Comparative analysis of posttest results between linear and nonlinear programming indicated significant differences: power showed an Asymp.sig value of 0.009 with a difference of 3.1; agility showed an Asymp.sig value of 0.000 with a difference of 0.35; and endurance showed an Asymp.sig value of 0.002 with a difference of 2.08. Conclusions. The study demonstrates significant differences in the impacts of linear and nonlinear programming on power, agility, and endurance among young basketball players. Both programming types significantly enhance these attributes, but nonlinear programming is more effective than linear programming in improving the physical abilities of young basketball players.

Author Biographies

Taufiq Hidayah, Universitas Negeri Semarang

taufiqhidayah@mail.unnes.ac.id; Departement of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science; Sekaran, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia.

Andry Akhiruyanto, Universitas Negeri Semarang

andryakhiruyanto@mail.unnes.ac.id; Department of Health and Recreation Physical Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences,; Sekaran, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia.

Sri Haryono, Universitas Negeri Semarang

sriharyono@mail.unnes.ac.id; Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science; Sekaran, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia.

Dewangga Yudhistira, Universitas Negeri Semarang

ptsmriset@gmail.com; Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science; Sekaran, Jawa Tengah (Indonesia); Sportindo Mitra Riset, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

References

Bompa TO, Buzzichelli CA. Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training. 1st ed. Human Kinetics; 2019. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781718225435

Fisher JP, Csapo R. Periodization and Programming in Sports. Sports, 2021;9(2):13–4. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9020013

Fisher JP, Csapo R. Periodization and Programming in Sports. Sports, 2021;9(2): 13. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojsm.2020.04.00090

Stone MH, Hornsby WG, Haff GG, Fry AC, Suarez DG, Liu J, et al. Periodization and block periodization in sports: Emphasis on strength-power training—a provocative and challenging narrative. J Strength Cond Res. 2021;35(8):2351–71. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004050

Cunanan AJ, DeWeese BH, Wagle JP, Carroll KM, Sausaman R, Hornsby WG, et al. The General Adaptation Syndrome: A Foundation for the Concept of Periodization. Sports Medicine, 2018;48(4):787–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0855-3

Kataoka R, Vasenina E, Loenneke J, Buckner SL. Periodization: Variation in the Definition and Discrepancies in Study Design. Sports Medicine, 2021;51(4):625–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01414-5

González-Fernández FT, Sarmento H, Castillo-Rodríguez A, Silva R, Clemente FM. Effects of a 10-week combined coordination and agility training program on young male soccer players. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(19):10125. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910125

Clemente-Suárez VJ, Ramos-Campo DJ. Effectiveness of reverse vs. Traditional linear training periodization in triathlon. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(15):1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152807

Burahim AS, Duhe PDE, Hidayat S, Suardika KI. Pengaruh latihan beban meningkat secara linier dan nonlinearterhadap kekuatan otot tungkai [The effect of weight training increases linearly and nonlinearly on leg muscle strength]. Jambura Sports Coaching Academic Journal, 2022;1(1):15–22. (In Indonesian). https://doi.org/10.37905/jscaj.v1i1.16185

Mahmuddin. Pengaruh Metode Latihan Bent Arm Pullover and Press Dan Power Otot Lengan Terhadap Hasil Lempar Lembing [The Influence of Bent Arm Pullover and Press Training Methods and Arm Muscle Power on Javelin Throw Results]. Jurnal Fisioterapi Indonusa, 2007;7(2):89–100. (In Indonesian). https://doi.org/10.47007/fisio.v7i2.601

Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Bellon CR, Hornsby WG, Stone MH. Training for Muscular Strength: Methods for Monitoring and Adjusting Training Intensity. Sports Medicine, 2021;51(10):2051–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01488-9

Ernandes LIF, Leck STJF, Hea MARR, Lsen HEEST. Comparison between nonlinear and linear periodization resistance training: hypertrophie and strength effect. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2012;26(5):1389–95. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318231a659

Yu KH, Suk MH, Kang SW, Shin YA. Effects of combined linear and nonlinear periodic training on physical fitness and competition times in finswimmers. J Exerc Rehabil. 2014;10(5):306–12. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.140151

Fleck SJ. Non-Linear Periodization for General Fitness & Athletes. J Hum Kinet. 2011;(Special Issue):41–5. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-011-0057-2

Barbalho M, Gentil P, Raiol R, Del Vecchio FB, Ramirez-Campillo R, Coswig VS. Non-linear resistance training program induced power and strength but not linear sprint velocity and agility gains in young soccer players. Sports, 2018;6(2):1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6020043

Hoffman RJ, Wendell M, Cooper J, Kang J. Comparison Between Linear and Nonlinear In-Season Training Programs in Freshman. J Strength Cond Res. 2003;17(3):561–5. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200308000-00023

Sumaryanti S, Tomoliyus T. The effect of linear loading circuit training on physical fitness. Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche, 2020;179(1–2). https://doi.org/10.23736/S0393-3660.18.04005-6

Pliauga. Linear strategy-based basketball-specific training improves players’ leg power. In: The 9th conference of the baltic sport science society. 2016 P. 100–105.

Matakupan O, Dlis F, Lubis J, Zamzami IS. Linear Periodization and Non Liner Periodization: Which Is Better? International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 2021;8(1):503. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i1.2306

MIller J. A Program Evaluation of a Flexible Non-Linear Periodization Model in a Collegiate Basketball Setting. [PhD thesis] Iowa: State University Ames; 2023.

Sweeny M, Brilla L, Suprak D, Knutzen K. Comparison of Linear and Daily Undulating Periodization in Resistance Training Using Simple Measures of Overreaching. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(5):836. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000402328.86597.ad

Lorenz D, Morrison S. Current concepts in periodization of strength and conditioning for the sports physical therapist. The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 2015;10(6):734–47.

Staunton CA, Abt G, Weaving D, Wundersitz DWT. Misuse of the term ‘load’ in sport and exercise science. J Sci Med Sport. 2022;25(5):439–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.08.013

Alvar B, Sel K, Deuster, A P. NSCA’s essentials of tactical strength and conditioning. Human Kinetics; 2017.

Pradipta GD, Suherman WS, Suhartini B, Maliki O, Widiyatmoko F, Hudah M, et al. Development of Si Buyung Gymnastics-Based Motion Learning Model to Improve Students’ Basic Motion Skills: Aiken Validity. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 2023;11(2):388–97. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2023.110216

Wulandari PP, Siswantoyo, Sutapa P, Apriyanto GE, Hidayah T, Akhiruyanto A, et al. Content Validity of Fun Relay Learning Model and Observation of Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor Aspects of Elementary School Students. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 2023;11(6):1277–86. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2023.110611

Yudhistira D, Tomoliyus. Content validity of agility test in karate kumite category. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 2020;8(5):211–6. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2020.080508

Setiawan A, Yudhistira D. Journal Sport Area Prevalence and characteristics of sports injuries in athletes with flat feet: A quantitative descriptive study. Journal Sport Area, 2023;8(2):207–16. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2023.vol8(2).12602

Sulistiyono, Akhiruyanto A, Primasoni N, Arjuna F, Santoso N, Yudhistira D. Effect of 10 weeks game experience learning (gel) based training on teamwork, respect attitude, skill and physical ability in young football players. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 2021;21:173–9. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.2.11

Monteiro AG, Aoki MS, Evangelista AL, Alveno DA, Monteiro GA, Piçarro I da C, et al. Nonlinear Periodization Maximizes Strength Gains in Split Resistance Training Routines. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(4):1321–6. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a00f96

Moura BM de, Sakugawa RL, Orssatto LB da R, de Lima LAP, Pinto RS, Walker S, et al. Functional capacity improves in-line with neuromuscular performance after 12 weeks of non-linear periodization strength training in the elderly. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2018;30(8):959–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-017-0873-x

Barbalho M, Gentil P, Raiol R, Del Vecchio FB, Ramirez-Campillo R, Coswig VS. Non-linear resistance training program induced power and strength but not linear sprint velocity and agility gains in young soccer players. Sports, 2018;6(2):1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6020043

Cunanan AJ, DeWeese BH, Wagle JP, Carroll KM, Sausaman R, Hornsby WG, et al. The General Adaptation Syndrome: A Foundation for the Concept of Periodization. Sports Medicine, 2018;48(4):787–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0855-3

Yudhistira D. Development of a special preparation period physical training model to improve power, agility and endurance in senior kumite karateka [Doctor Dissertation]. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta; 2023.

Slimani M, Chamari K, Miarka B, Del Vecchio FB, Chéour F. Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Fitness in Team Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review. J Hum Kinet. 2016;53(1):231–47. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2016-0026

Pramono H, Rahayu T, Yudhistira D. The Effect of Plyometrics Exercise through Agility Ladder Drill on Improving Physical Abilities of 13–15-Year-Old Volleyball Players. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 2023;23(2):199–206. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.2.07

Bouguezzi R, Chaabene H, Negra Y, Moran J, Sammoud S, Ramirez-Campillo R, et al. Effects of jump exercises with and without stretch-shortening cycle actions on components of physical fitness in prepubertal male soccer players. Sport Sci Health. 2020;16(2):297–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-019-00605-6

Yudhistira D, Suherman WS, Wiratama A, Wijaya UK, Paryadi P, Faruk M, et al. Content Validity of the HIIT Training Program in Special Preparations to Improve the Dominant Biomotor Components of Kumite Athletes. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 2021;9(5):1051–7. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090527

Taşkin H. Effect of Circuit Training on the Sprint-Agility and Anaerobic Endurance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2009;23(6): 1803–1810. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b3dfc0

Hadi, Yudhistira D. High-intensity interval training method in karate athletes: Can it improve power, agility, and endurance in the Kumite category? Journal Sport Area, 2023;8(1):43–51. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2023.vol8(1).10656

Kostikiadis IN, Methenitis S, Tsoukos A, Veligekas P, Terzis G, Bogdanis GC. The Effect of Short-Term Sport-Specific Strength and Conditioning Training on Physical Fitness of Well-Trained Mixed Martial Arts Athletes. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 2018;17(3): 348–358.

Gronwald T, Törpel A, Herold F. Perspective of Dose and Response for Individualized Physical Exercise and Training Prescription. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2020;5(3):48. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5030048

Maslov PZ, Schulman A, Lavie CJ, Narula J. Personalized exercise dose prescription. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(25):2346–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx686

Hidayah T, Akhiruyanto A, Yudhistira D, Kurnianto H. The Effects of LTAD-Based Programming on Fundamental Skills and Physical Abilities of Basketball Players Aged 11-12 Years. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 2023;23(6): 909–917. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.6.13

Armour K. Sport Pedagogy. An introduction for teaching and coaching. London: Routledge; 2013. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315847108