Effects of the battle shuttlecock game on VO₂max and lob technique in children aged 9–12 years

Sigit Kustriyono Munajad; Cerika Rismayanthi; Hedi Ardiyanto Hermawan; Muhamad Nanang Solikhing

doi:10.15561/26649837.2026.0103

Authors

Sigit Kustriyono Munajad Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1148-8125
Cerika Rismayanthi Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6588-1983
Hedi Ardiyanto Hermawan Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7744-3005
Muhamad Nanang Solikhing Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2505-0253

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2026.0103

Keywords:

game-based learning, aerobic capacity, motor skill acquisition, primary school children, hybrid pedagogy

Abstract

Background and Study Aim. School-based physical education includes structured efforts to maintain physical fitness in children. Various approaches such as non-linear pedagogy, constructivist methods, and physical literacy have been applied to support learning through movement. Despite their application, the relative effectiveness of integrated models that combine technical skill and aerobic development remains a matter of practical interest. This study aims to test the effects of Battle Shuttlecock on students' VO₂max and lob performance while assessing its pedagogical relevance in physical education. Material and Methods. A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study was conducted with a control group. Participants were elementary school students who took part in extracurricular badminton activities. The experimental group received 14 progressive Battle Shuttlecock sessions. The control group received standard badminton training. VO₂max was measured using the Multistage Fitness Test. Lob shot skills were assessed using the French Clear Test. Additional instruments included Perceived Competence, Mini-PACES, a fidelity checklist, and observations of social, emotional, and cognitive behavior. Data were analyzed using MANCOVA at a significance level of α = 0.05. Results. The experimental group showed a significant increase in VO₂max from 38.5 ± 2.9 to 39.1 ± 2.6 ml/kg/min. Lob shot accuracy increased from 55.3 ± 6.7 to 64.2 ± 7.1 points (p < 0.001). The control group did not show a significant increase in either variable. The results indicate that Battle Shuttlecock supports learning and improves technical, emotional, and cognitive skills when used consistently. The game had a significant effect on both VO₂max and lob performance. Conclusions. Battle Shuttlecock improved cardiorespiratory fitness and lob technique. It can be used in school programs to support physical, technical, emotional, and cognitive development.

Author Biographies

Sigit Kustriyono Munajad, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

sigitmunajad@uny.ac.id; Department of Elementary School Physical Education; Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Cerika Rismayanthi, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

cerikafik@gmail.com; Department of Health and Sports Science; Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Hedi Ardiyanto Hermawan, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

hedi_ardiyanto@uny.ac.id; Department of Physical Education; Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Muhamad Nanang Solikhing, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

nanangsolikhin@uny.ac.id; Department of Vocational Educationa; Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

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