Effects of aerobic physical activity to cardio-respiratory fitness of the elderly population: systematic overview
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2020.0501Keywords:
training, sedentary, VO2max, walking, health, HRmaxAbstract
Background and Study Aim. Aerobic training is effective manner of exercising aimed at improving cardio-respiratory fitness of young people. However, its effects to the elderly population (over the age of 60), depending on characteristics of the participant (gender, health status, lifestyle, etc.), is still unclear. Aim of this research is systematic overview of the available literature dealing with the topic of effects of aerobic training to cardio-respiratory fitness of the elderly population over the age of 60, depending of gender (male/female), BMI (overweight/normal weight), lifestyle (active/sedentary), health status (diabetes/hypertension/metabolic syndrome). Material and methods: Total number of papers with published research results which met the criteria was 32. Walking is effective manner of exercising which influences improvement of maximum oxygen consumption (mean value: ±SD:12.91±7.40%). Introduction of activities with greater impact (bicycle and jogging) provides more effect to the cardio-respiratory fitness (mean value: ±SD:14.28±7.48%). Results: Aerobic training intensity level (moderate vs. high) makes no significant difference to the adaptive response of the cardio-respiratory fitness in elderly population. Training in duration of 6 weeks may significantly influence increase in maximum oxygen consumption, but longer training duration, however, has better effect. Endurance training has similar effects to improvement of cardio-respiratory fitness in both men and women. On the other hand, it seems that active people have lower adaptive response in comparison to sedentary people (8.3% vs. 18.84%). Effect is similar between overweight and normal weight participants (18.48% vs. 8.6%). Positive influence of aerobic training was also observed in participants with hypertension, metabolic system and diabetes type 2. Conclusion: Results clearly suggest benefits of aerobic training on cardio-respiratory fitness of elderly population. The effect may, however, vary depending of duration, type of activity, as well as characteristics of the sample.Downloads
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References
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https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/52a.3.m149
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https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01820.x
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https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1961
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https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01396.x
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https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.2.849
41. Coggan AR, Spina RJ, King DS, Rogers MA, Brown M, Nemeth P, Holliszy J. Skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance training in 60-to 70-yr-old men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1992; 72(5): 1780–1786.
https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.5.1780
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https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gln032
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3. Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. Prescribing exercise as preventive therapy. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2006; 174(7): 961–974.
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1040750
4. Snell PG, Stray-Gundersen J, Levine BD, Hawkins MN, Raven PB. Maximal Oxygen Uptake as a Parametric Measure of Cardiorespiratory Capacity: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2007;39:103–7.
https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000241641.75101.64
5. Radovanović D. Practicum in Physiology: for students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education. Faculty of Sport and Physical Education; 2012. (In Serbian).
6. Spina RJ. 10 Cardiovascular Adaptations to Endurance Exercise Training in Older Men and Women. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 1999; 27(1): 317–332.
https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.2.849
7. Stewart KJ. Physical activity and aging. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2005; 1055(1): 193–206.
https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1323.029
8. Posner J, McCully K, Landsberg L, Sands L, Tycenski P, Hofmann M, et al. Physical determinants of the indipendence in mature women. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1995; 76(4): 373–380.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(95)80664-4
9. Carter JB, Banister EW, Blaber AP. Effect of endurance exercise on autonomic control of heart rate. Sports Medicine. 2003; 33(1): 33–46.
https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333010-00003
10. Huang G, Gibson CA, Tran ZV, Osmess WH. Controlled endurance exercise training and VO2max changes in older adults: a meta‐analysis. Preventive Cardiology. 2005; 8(4): 217–225.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0197-3118.2005.04324.x
11. Lin X, Zhang X, Guo J, Roberts CK, McKenzie S, Wu WC, Liu S, Song Y. Effects of exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2015; 4(7): e002014.
https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.002014
12. Liberatia A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gotzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2009; 151(4): 65–94.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2700
13. Atcharaporn L, Nadine MF, Atif BA, David RP. The Respiratory Exchange Ratio Is Higher in Older Subjects, but Is Reduced by Aerobic Exercise Training. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2011; 1: 264–270.
https://doi.org/10.5812/kowsar.1726913X.1789
14. Belman MJ, Gaesser GA. Exercise training below and above the lactate threshold in the elderly. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1991; 23(5): 562– 568.
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199105000-00008
15. Braith RW, Pollock ML, Lowenthal DT, Graves JE, Limacher MC. Moderate-and high-intensity exercise lowers blood pressure in normotensive subjects 60 to 79 years of age. The American Journal of Cardiology. 1994; 73(15): 1124–1128.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(94)90294-1
16. Chmelo EA, Crotis CI, Newman JC, Brinkley TE, Lyles MF, Leng X, et al. Heterogeneity of physical function responses to exercise training in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.2015; 63(3), 462–469.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13322
17. De Vito G, Bernardi M, Forte R, Pulejo C, Figura F. Effects of a low-intensity conditioning programme on V˙ O2max and maximal instantaneous peak power in elderly women. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1999; 80(3): 227–232.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050586
18. Foster VL, Hume GJ, Byrnes WC, Dickinson AL, Chatfield SJ. Endurance training for elderly women: moderate vs low intensity. Journal of Gerontology. 1989; 44(6): M184–M188.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/44.6.m184
19. Nieman DC, Warren BJ, O'Donnell KA, Dotson RG, Butterworth DE, Hensen DA. Physical activity and serum lipids and lipoproteins in elderly women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1993; 41(12): 1339–1344.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1993.tb06485.x
20. Ozaki H, Sakamaki M, Yasuda T, Fujita S, Ogasawara R, Sugaya M, et al. Increases in thigh muscle volume and strength by walk training with leg blood flow reduction in older participants. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2010; 66A(3): 257–263.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glq182
21. Predovan D, Fraser SA, Renaud M, Bherer L. The effect of three months of aerobic training on stroop performance in older adults. Journal of Aging Research. 2012; 1–7.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/269815
22. Probart C, Notelovitz M, Martin D, Khan F, Fields C. The effect of moderate aerobic exercise on physical fitness among women 70 years and older. Maturitas. 1991; 14(1): 49–56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-5122(91)90147-I
23. Warren B, Nieman D, Dotson R, Adkins C, O'Donnell K, Haddock B, et al. Cardiorespiratory responses to exercise training in septuagenarian women. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1993; 14(2): 60–65.
24. Woods JA, Ceddia M, Wolters B, Evans J, Lu Q, McAuley E. Effects of 6 months of moderate aerobic exercise training on immune function in the elderly. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 1999; 109(1): 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-6374(99)00014-7
25. Murphy MH, Nevilla AM, Murtagh EM, Holder RL. The effect of walking on fitness, fatness and resting blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised, controlled trials. Preventive Medicine. 2007; 44(5): 377–385.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.12.008
26. Blumenthal JA, Eemry CF, Madden DJ, George LK, Coleman RE, Riddle MW, McKee DC, Reasoner J, Wolliams RS. Cardiovascular and behavioral effects of aerobic exercise training in healthy older men and women. Journal of Gerontology. 1989; 44(5): M147–M157.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/44.5.m147
27. Blumenthal, JA, Emercy CF, Madden DJ, Schniebolk S, Riddle MW, Cobb FR, Higginbotham M, Coleman RE. 1991: Effects of exercise training on bone density in older men and women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1991; 39(11): 1065–1070.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb02870.x
28. DiPietro L, Dziura J, Yeckel CW, Neufer PD. Exercise and improved insulin sensitivity in older women: evidence of the enduring benefits of higher intensity training. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006; 100(1): 142–149.
https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00474.2005
29. Kohrt WM, Malley MT, Coggan AR, Spina RJ, Ogawat T, Ehsani A, Bourey RE, Martin WH, Holloszy J. Effects of gender, age, and fitness level on response of VO2max to training in 60-71 yr olds. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1991; 71(5): 2004–2011.
https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.5.2004
30. Madden KM, Lockhart C, Cuff D, Potter TF, Mneilly GS. Short-term aerobic exercise reduces arterial stiffness in older adults with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32(8): 1531–1535.
https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-0149
31. Pruchnic R, Katsiarasa A, He J, Kelley DE, Winters C, Goodpaster BH. Exercise training increases intramyocellular lipid and oxidative capacity in older adults. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004; 287(5): E857–E862.
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00459.2003
32. Turner MJ, Spina RJ, Kohrt WM, Ehsani AA. Effect of endurance exercise training on left ventricular size and remodeling in older adults with hypertension. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2000; 55(4): 245–251.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/55.4.m245
33. VitielloI MV, Wilkinson CW, Merriam GR, Moe KE, Prinz PN, Ralph DD, Colasurdo EA, Schwartz RS. Successful 6-month endurance training does not alter insulin-like growth factor-I in healthy older men and women. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 1997, 52(3): 149–154.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/52a.3.m149
34. Niederseer D, Ledl‐Kurkowski E, Kvita K, Patsch W, Dela F, Mueller E, Niebauer J. Salzburg Skiing for the Elderly Study: changes in cardiovascular risk factors through skiing in the elderly. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2011; 21(1): 47–55.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01341.x
35. Posner JD, Gorman KM, Windsor‐Landsberg L, Larsen J, Bleiman M, Shaw C, Rosenberg B., Knebl J. Low to moderate intensity endurance training in healthy older adults: physiological responses after four months. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1992; 40(1): 1–7.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01820.x
36. Vigelsno A, Gram M, Wiuff C, Andersen JL, Helge JW, Dela F. Six Weeks' Aerobic Retraining After Two Weeks' Immobilization Restores Leg Lean Mass and Aerobic Capacity But Does Not Fully Rehabilitate Leg Strength in Young and Older Men. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2015; 47(6): 552–560.
https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1961
37. Lovell DI, Cuneo R, Wallace J, McLellan C. The hormonal response of older men to sub-maximum aerobic exercise: The effect of training and detraining. Steroids. 2012; 77(5): 413–418.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2011.12.022
38. Wwlls CL. Women, sport & performance. Human Kinetics, 1991.
39. Standley R, Harber M, Lee J, Konopka A, Trappe S, Trappe T. Influence of aerobic cycle exercise training on patellar tendon cross‐sectional area in older women. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2013; 23(3): 367–373.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01396.x
40. Spina RJ, Ogawa T, Kohrt WM, Martin W, Holloszy J, Ehsani A. Differences in cardiovascular adaptations to endurance exercise training between older men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1993; 75(2): 849–855.
https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.2.849
41. Coggan AR, Spina RJ, King DS, Rogers MA, Brown M, Nemeth P, Holliszy J. Skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance training in 60-to 70-yr-old men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1992; 72(5): 1780–1786.
https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.5.1780
42. Coyle EF, Martin WR, Sinacore DR, Joyner MJ, Hagberg JM, Holloszy JO. Time course of loss of adaptations after stopping prolonged intense endurance training. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1984; 57(6): 1857–1864.
https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1857
43. Yassine HN, Marchetti CM, Krishnan RK, Vrobel TR, Gonzalez F, Kirwan JP. Effects of exercise and caloric restriction on insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors in older obese adults—a randomized clinical trial. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2009; 64A(1): 90–95.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gln032
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2020-10-30
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Aksović N, Bjelica B, Joksimović M, Skrypchenko I, Filipović S, Milanović F, Pavlović B, Ćorluka B, Pržulj R. Effects of aerobic physical activity to cardio-respiratory fitness of the elderly population: systematic overview. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports. 2020;24(5):208-1. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2020.0501
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