Optimization of body balance indices according to Body Mass Index categories during physical education lessons for university students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2022.0403Keywords:
students, static and dynamic balance, assessment, BMI stages, physical activityAbstract
Background and Study Purpose. Body stability is an important factor in the manifestation of human motor skills. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the efficiency of balance exercises, applied for 28 weeks, with a frequency of one activity / week, on a group of undergraduate students of the “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galați. Material and Methods. 195 subjects participated (99 males and 96 females), divided for analysis into 3 groups (underweight, N = 21, age = 20.16 ± .38, BMI = 17.46 ± .20); (normal weight, N = 111, age = 20.30 ± .21, BMI = 21.70 ± .17); (overweight / obese, N = 63, age = 19.90 ± .18, BMI = 30.69 ± .61). The tests were applied at 3 distinct times: initial T1 at the beginning of the academic year, intermediate T2 towards the end of semester 1 and final T3 at the end of semester 2. 3 static balance assessment tests were used (One leg standing test with closed eyes, Stork test and Flamingo test), respectively 4 tests to evaluate the dynamic balance (Bass test, Functional reach test, Walk and turn field sobriety test and Fukuda test). Results. ANOVA with repeated measurements and the differences between the test moments highlight in most cases values of F associated with significant thresholds (p <0.05), so there is an improvement in results for all 3 groups. The differences between T1 and T2 tests are larger than those between T2 and T3, so for almost all tests the progress is higher in the first semester, and in semester 2 there is a slight reduction, as a result of adapting to the proposed exercises. Even if they progress significantly, the group of overweight people has obviously weaker average results than normal weight and underweight people, signaling numerous individual cases that have problems in maintaining static balance and commit errors in dynamic balance tests. The better performances of the underweight in 3 cases (One leg standing test, Flamingo test Fukuda test and Walk and turn field sobriety test) cannot be generalized due to their small number compared to the other 2 groups, and this aspect can be considered as a new direction of investigation. Conclusions. There are premises for a favorable evolution of the balance indices for the group tested in this age group, but it must be taken into account that the low initial fitness level (generated by the lack of concerns for a lifestyle based on physical activities) is a factor that facilitated these less spectacular advances, but still statistically significant.Downloads
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https://doi.org/10.1097/00135124-200401000-00008
2. Dunsky A. The Effect of Balance and Coordination Exercises on Quality of Life in Older Adults: A Mini-Review. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2019;11: 318.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00318
3. Gadelha AB, Ricci Neri SG, de Oliveira RJ, Bottaro M, de David AC, Vainshelboim B, et al. Severity of sarcopenia is associated with postural balance and risk of falls in community-dwelling older women. Experimental Aging Research. 2018;44(3): 258–269.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2018.1449591
4. Ricotti L. Static and dynamic balance in young athletes. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise. 2011;6(4): 616–628.
https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2011.64.05
5. Hartley EM, Hoch MC, Boling MC. Y-balance test performance and BMI are associated with ankle sprain injury in collegiate male athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2018;21(7): 676–680.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.10.014
6. Alhusaini AA, Melam G, Buragadda S. The role of body mass index on dynamic balance and muscle strength in Saudi schoolchildren. Science & Sports. 2020;35(6).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.11.007
7. Lee AC, Sankaravel M, Abadi FH, Zainudin FF. Development of balance training program to improve balance control among Malaysian sports schools athletes. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports. 2022;26(3):174–81.
https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2022.0305
8. Zerf M, Kherfane MH. Balance as a postural key component (core) for establishing physical state in school program reports. Quality in Sport, 2020;6(2):28–33.
https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2020.009
9. Aloui G, Hermassi S, Hayes LD, Bouhafs EG, Chelly MS, Schwesig R. Loaded Plyometrics and Short Sprints with Change-of-Direction Training Enhance Jumping, Sprinting, Agility, and Balance Performance of Male Soccer Players. Applied Sciences, 2021;11(12):5587.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125587
10. Celik A, Rojas Ruiz FJ, Cepero González M, Koceja DM, Kitano K. Effects of age vestibular and visual systems on the soleus H-reflex. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise. 2021;18(1).
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2023.181.09
11. García-Liñeira J, Leirós-Rodríguez R, Romo-Pérez V, García-Soidán JL. Sex differences in postural control under unstable conditions in schoolchildren with accelerometric assessment. Gait & Posture, 2021;87:81–6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.04.027
12. Paschaleri Z, Arabatzi F, Christou EA. Postural control in adolescent boys and girls before the age of peak height velocity: Effects of task difficulty. Gait & Posture. 2022;92:461–6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.12.018
13. Fronczek–Wojciechowska M, Padula G, Kowalska J, Galli M, Livatino S, Kopacz K. Static balance and dynamic balance related to rotational movement in ballet dance students. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2016;16(3):801–16.
https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868929
14. Majcen Rosker Z, Vodicar M. Sport-Specific Habitual Adaptations in Neck Kinesthetic Functions Are Related to Balance Controlling Mechanisms. Applied Sciences, 2020;10(24):8965.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248965
15. Nurwulan NR, Jiang BC, Iridiastadi H. Posture and Texting: Effect on Balance in Young Adults. PLOS ONE, 2015;10(7):e0134230.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134230
16. Paniccia M, Wilson KE, Hunt A, Keightley M, Zabjek K, Taha T, et al. Postural Stability in Healthy Child and Youth Athletes: The Effect of Age, Sex, and Concussion-Related Factors on Performance. Sports Health, 2018;10(2):175–82.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738117741651
17. Moffa S, Perna A, Candela G, Cattolico A, Sellitto C, De Blasiis P, et al. Effects of Hoverboard on Balance in Young Soccer Athletes. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 2020;5(3):60.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5030060
18. Pereira R, Krustrup P, Castagna C, Coelho E, Santos R, Helge EW, et al. Effects of recreational team handball on bone health, postural balance and body composition in inactive postmenopausal women — A randomised controlled trial. Bone, 2021;145:115847.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2021.115847
19. Golshaei B. Dynamic and static balance differences based on gender and sport participation. [PhD thesis]. The Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University; 2013.
20. Verbecque E, Coetzee D, Ferguson G, Smits-Engelsman B. High BMI and Low Muscular Fitness Predict Low Motor Competence in School-Aged Children Living in Low-Resourced Areas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021;18(15):7878.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157878
21. Alhusaini AA, Melam G, Buragadda S. The role of body mass index on dynamic balance and muscle strength in Saudi schoolchildren. Science & Sports, 2020;35(6):395.e1-395.e9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.11.007
22. Goulding A, Jones IE, Taylor RW, Piggot JM, Taylor D. Dynamic and static tests of balance and postural sway in boys: effects of previous wrist bone fractures and high adiposity. Gait & Posture. 2003;17(2):136–41.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(02)00161-3
23. Cancela Carral JM, Ayán C, Sturzinger L, Gonzalez G. Relationships Between Body Mass Index and Static and Dynamic Balance in Active and Inactive Older Adults. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 2019;42(4):E85.
https://doi.org/10.1519/JPT.0000000000000195
24. Handrigan G, Hue O, Simoneau M, Corbeil P, Marceau P, Marceau S, et al. Weight loss and muscular strength affect static balance control. Int J Obes. 2010;34(5):936–42.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2009.300
25. Teasdale N, Simoneau M, Corbeil P, Handrigan G, Tremblay A, Hue O. Obesity Alters Balance and Movement Control. Curr Obes Rep. 2013;2(3):235–40.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-013-0057-8
26. Yamamoto N, Yanagi H, Ito Y, Inoue Y, Tanaka K, Wada T, et al. Dynamic and Static Ability of Balance and Postural Control in Japanese Obese Children. In: Lim CT, Goh JCH, editors. 6th World Congress of Biomechanics (WCB 2010) August 1-6, 2010 Singapore. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. p. 258–61.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14515-5_67
27. do Nascimento JA, Silva CC, dos Santos HH, de Almeida Ferreira JJ, de Andrade PR. A preliminary study of static and dynamic balance in sedentary obese young adults: the relationship between BMI, posture and postural balance. Clinical Obesity, 2017;7(6):377–83.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12209
28. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. JAMA. 2013;310(20):2191.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
29. Sandu AS. Etica si deontologie profesionala. [Professional ethics and deontology]. Iasi: Lumen; 2012. (In Romanian).
30. Balance Fitness Tests [Internet]. [Internet]; 2022 Jan 27 [cited 2022 Feb 15]. Available from: https://www.topendsports.com/testing/balance.htm
31. Functional Reach Test (FRT). Physiopedia. [Internet]; 2022 Jan 27 [cited 2022 Feb 15]. Available from: https://www.physio-pedia.com/Functional_Reach_Test_(FRT)
32. Walden T. Standardized Field Sobriety Testing: Learning from Our Mistakes. Office of Justice Programs; 1987.
33. Zhang Y, Wang W. Reliability of the Fukuda Stepping Test to Determine the Side of Vestibular Dysfunction. J Int Med Res. 2011;39(4):1432–7.
https://doi.org/10.1177/147323001103900431
34. Armstrong RA. When to use the Bonferroni correction. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 2014;34(5):502–8.
https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12131
35. Weerahandi S. Generalized Inference in Repeated Measures: Exact Methods in MANOVA and Mixed Models. John Wiley & Sons; 2004.
36. Murariu G. Fizică statistică și computațională-Aspecte contemporane si aplicații [Statistical and computational physics-Contemporary aspects and applications]. Galati: Galați University Press; 2018. (In Romanian).
37. Murariu G, Munteanu D. Lucrări practice de identificare, modelare şi simulare a proceselor fizice [Practical works for identification, modeling and simulation of physical processes] Galati: Galați: University Press; 2018. (In Romanian).
38. Opariuc DC. Statistica aplicata in stiintele socio-umane. Analiza asocierilor şi a diferenţelor statistice [Statistics applied in the socio-human sciences. Analysis of associations and statistical differences]. Sibiu: Arhip Art; 2011. (In Romanian).
39. Yaprak Y, Küçükkubaş N. Gender-related differences on physical fitness parameters after core training exercises: A comparative study. Progress in Nutrition. 2020;22(3):e2020028–e2020028.
https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v22i3.9334
40. Ceylan Hİ, Günay AR. Positional differences in anticipation timing, reaction time and dynamic balance of American football players. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 2020;24(5):227–39.
https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2020.0503
41. Gonener U, Gonener A. How balance training on different types of surfaces effect dynamic balance ability and postural sway of gymnast children? Progress in Nutrition, 2020;22(1-S):131–7.
https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v22i1-S.9806
42. Matla J, Filar-Mierzwa K, Ścisłowska-Czarnecka A, Jankowicz-Szymańska A, Bac A. The Influence of the Physiotherapeutic Program on Selected Static and Dynamic Foot Indicators and the Balance of Elderly Women Depending on the Ground Stability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021;18(9):4660.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094660
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2022-08-06
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Mocanu GD, Murariu G, Potop V. Optimization of body balance indices according to Body Mass Index categories during physical education lessons for university students. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports. 2022;26(4):233-4. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2022.0403
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