Development of a game-based physical training model to improve motivation and smashing ability in volleyball athletes aged 15-18 years

Abstract

Background and Study Aim. Game-based training has become an important approach in modern volleyball, as it combines physical development with engaging and sport-specific activities. These models are widely used to enhance coordination, technical execution, and motivation among young players. Although different game-based strategies are applied in practice, their relative effectiveness in improving motivation and smashing ability among volleyball athletes aged 15–18 years remains a matter of practical interest. The aim of this study was to develop a structured and scientifically validated game-based physical training model specifically designed for volleyball athletes aged 15–18 years, with a focus on motivation and smashing ability. Material and Methods.  This study is Research and Development (R&D) using the ADDIE model. The sample consisted of 60 students aged 15–18 years (30 male and 30 female) from senior high schools in Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. They were students who participated in volleyball extracurricular activities at their schools. Motivation was measured using an instrument adapted and modified from previous research, while smashing ability was assessed using the Spike Accuracy Test. Data analysis involved product validation and effectiveness testing over an 8-week period (24 sessions) using the Game-Based Physical Training Model. Results were analyzed with t-tests (p < 0.05). Results. This study developed and validated a Game-Based Physical Training Model consisting of four training objectives: improving coordination and motivation (weeks 1–2), improving smashing technique and accuracy (weeks 3–4), increasing intensity and strength (weeks 5–6), and conducting match simulations and evaluations (weeks 7–8). The validation results indicated several aspects: suitability of the training model for improving motivation and smashing ability in volleyball players aged 15–18 years, practicality, safety, and feasibility of implementation, with Aiken’s V validity > 0.7. The effectiveness test through pretest–posttest showed p = 0.000 < 0.05 for both motivation and smashing ability variables. Conclusions. This study produced a Game-Based Physical Training Model to improve motivation and smashing ability in 15–18-year-old volleyball athletes. In practice, this model provides a structured and adaptable program framework that can be used by coaches with adjustments tailored to athletes' profiles, playing positions, and available facilities and equipment. Future studies are expected to include the design of developmental research using a pre-experimental design with elements such as a control group, advanced objective measurements, and detailed statistical reporting.